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AMERICAN CONTRIBUTIONS T~0 
CHEMISTRY. 



AN ADDRESS 

DELIVERED ON THE OCCASION OP THE 

CELEBRATION OF THE CENTENNIAL OF CHEMISTRY, 

AT NORTHUMBERLAND, PA., ' 
August 1, 1874. 



BY 

BENJAMIN SILLIMAN, 

OF YALE COLLEGE. 



[Reprinted from the American Chemist for August-September and December, 1874.] 




PHILADELPHIA: 

COLLINS, PRINTER, 705 JAYNE STREET. 

1874. 



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AMERICAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO 
CHEMISTRY* 



Introduction. — The history of modern chemistry, com- 
mencing with Priestley's immortal discovery of oxygen, 
or dephlogisticated air as he called it, on the ist of Au- 
gust, 1774, by a memorable coincidence is almost identi- 
cal in date with the evolution of the United States of 
America out of their colonial pupilage by the declaration 
of their independence of the mother country. The eman- 
cipation of our science from the dominion of. phlogiston, 
with its seductive but false philosophy, may be likened 
to the overthrow of aristocratic traditions, and monarchi- 
cal supremacy, under which our ancestors were held, and 
the building up of the American system of self-govern- 
ment in their place. We note with satisfaction that 
the scientific revolution was a little in advance of the 
political revolution ; and it would not be a difficult task 
to show, were it pertinent to our present purpose to do 
so, how closely and logically the rapid march of human 
society, the world over, during the century whose close 
we celebrate to-day, has kept pace with and waited 
upon the advance of the pioneers of scientific discovery. 
How Franklin and Black, Rumford and Cavendish, 
Priestley and Lavoisier, Galvani and Yolta, Scheele and 
Berzelius, Dalton and Davy, Ampere and Faraday, Hare 
and Henry, Oersted and the Herschels, Liebig, Agas- 
siz, and a multitude more of the noble army of martyrs 
to science, who have devoted their lives to the search 
for truth for the truth's sake, have, by the discovery and 

* In attempting to comply with the invitation of the committee in 
charge of the Chemical Centennial at Northumberland, to prepare 
an "Essay upon American Contributions to Chemistry" as an ad- 
dress to be delivered on that occasion, I found the " Essay" insensi- 
bly and almost unavoidably assuming the historical form, and taking 
a wider range than may seem consistent with a strict rendering of 
its title. But such as it became it is now presented as a slight con- 
tribution toward a more elaborate historical discourse which yet 
remains to be prepared. B. S.. 

I 



elucidation of principles before unknown or but dimly 
discerned, opened the way for the yet greater army of 
inventors and projectors, who have followed in their 
lead ; with steam engines, railways, steamships, mechani- 
cal spinning and weaving, voltaic casting of metals, 
bleaching and other chemical arts without number, elec- 
tric telegraphs, illumination by gas, photography, im- 
proved agriculture, artificial heat and artificial cold ; 
using and applying in endless forms for human advance- 
ment, the public wealth, and private enjoyment the 
labors of those who have toiled to reveal the hidden 
truths of God in nature, too often unrequited for their 
self-sacrificing devotion in the good things of this world, 
but content to work that others might enter into their 
labors. 

Among the greatest discoveries of modern times, com- 
parable to the discovery of the law of gravitation itself 
In the previous century, was the discovery of oxygen by 
Priestley, Angust i, 1774, which we are here to honor 
this day. What Newton's discovery did for celestial 
mechanics, in bringing order out of confusion, and co- 
ordinating things before beyond our reach, has Priest- 
ley's discovery done for the former chaotic confusion of 
facts in chemistry inherited from alchemy and the iatro- 
chemists, but impotent to explain the constitution of 
the universe of matter, for the want of the philosophy 
to which a knowledge of oxygen was the key. 

In attempting to review the contributions to our 
science at the hands of American investigators during 
the century we celebrate to-day, it is proper in bar of 
criticism to say that I was called at a very late hour to 
the task in hand, and have become more sensible as the 
work opened before me of the disproportion between 
the brief time at command and the extent of the task 
assigned me. If important omissions are detected — and 
that there are such can hardly be doubted — the speaker 
must beg of his fellow workers in the common field some 
indulgence, as is due to human frailty ; and while he is 
conscious of a desire to do full justice to the labors of 
all, he has also the knowledge that all among living 
laborers have not responded to his call for co-operation. 

If an apparently undue proportion of space has been 
given to some portions of the historical part of our essay, 
it may be said in fairness that it is far easier and more 
just to write history than to anticipate it, and we who 
live in this latter end of the first century of modern 
chemistry must see to it that we leave such footprints 



in the sands of our time, that the future historian of the 
science cannot fail to do us justice. 

In considering the contributions to chemistry made 
in the United States, the subject naturally divides itself 
under two subdivisions — the historical and the contem- 
poraneous contributions. 

Under the first division we may consider very briefly 
the scientific societies, public seminaries of learning, 
and channels of communication which were open to the 
investigators and students of science during the latter 
part of the last and the commencement of the present 
century. In doing this it will be convenient and in 
order to consider to some extent the work done in those 
times of which records exist. If some of it seems to 
us not very important, we must remember that such 
was then the case the world over, with a few brilliant 
exceptions, and of such exceptions I think it will appear 
that we have our fall share. 

Learned Societies. — Of societies devoted to scientific 
purposes, and which have left us any published memoirs 
or transactions, we find very few prior to the close of 
the last century. 

In Xew England there was "The American Academy 
of Arts and Sciences," at Boston, instituted in 1 780. 
"The Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences," 
established at Xew Haven in 1799, and, oldest of all, 
we find in Philadelphia "The American Philosophical 
Society," established by Benjamin Franklin in 1743, 
and recognized by provincial charter in 1769. This 
completes the brief list of learned societies instituted 
prior to the close of the last century which have 
published auything. The Literary and Philosophical 
Society of Xew York, which published a single volume 
in the early part of this century, had but a brief 
existence, and its volume of memoirs contains only one 
paper on chemistry. 

Some of the Men Prominent in Early Scientific 
History in the United States. — In the history of science 
during the latter half of the last century we find promi- 
nent the names of Franklin, Eumford, and Priestley : 
the first two Americans by birth and education, the 
latter by sympathy and adoption. In the evening of 
his peaceful and philosophic life Priestley was a refugee 
from a strange intolerance and persecution which has 
left a stain upon the good name of England. 

Franklin was the founder of the American Philo- 
sophical Society in 1743, the oldest of all the scientific 



societies of America ; he was also the originator of the 
University of Pennsylvania, and of the Public Library 
in Philadelphia. He was the president of the Philo- 
sophical Society after its charter in 1769 until his 
death in 1790. His own scientific researches were 
chiefly physical, and his labors as an investigator had 
mainly ceased prior to the dawn of our chemical cen- 
tury. But his tastes and well-grounded love of all 
knowledge and of all investigation into the laws of 
nature, made him to the last a devoted student and the 
zealous patron of all departments of science. He died 
just before Priestley's arrival in America, but in Lon- 
don, many years before, they had been associated in 
electrical investigations, and Priestley's History of 
Electricity was undertaken by the advice of Franklin, 
to whom the manuscript was submitted for criticism. 

Rumford, whose scientific reputation is sure to grow 
with the passage of time, as it has done indeed con- 
stantly since his death, after imbibing from Dr. Wil- 
liams, his instructor, a love for mathematics and the 
exact sciences, while yet a boy ; and from the lectures 
of Dr. Winthrop, at Harvard, his early love for physi 
cal and chemical research was, by the force of circum- 
stances over which he had no control, in a sense expa- 
triated and forced into a position of disloyalty to the 
Republican cause. His life reads like a romance. We 
find him, after a term of service as a British officer, 
passing into the position of confidential adviser of the 
King of Bavaria, and in full charge of matters military, 
administrative, and philanthropic, with a field of useful- 
ness and a r6ie of honor seldom awarded to a humble 
born citizen of a foreign land. Yet amid all his great 
official cares and preoccupations, and his honors, social, 
military, and political, he was ever loyal to scientific 
research ; embracing every occasion to glean new facts 
in the experience of daily life even when most oppressed 
with heavy public duties. This is everywhere evident 
in his memoirs. Thus, in the opening paragraph of the 
memoir which is undoubtedly on the whole his most 
important contribution to molecular physics, the re- 
search which first established on experimental grounds 
the relations of heat to motion,* he says, in his opening 
address to the Royal Society, in whose Transactions 
this remarkable paper first appeared : " It frequently 
happens that in the ordinary affairs and occupations of 

* An Enquiry Concerning the Source of Heat which is Excited 
by Friction. Complete works, I. p. 471. Am. Academy edition. 



life, opportunities present themselves of contemplating 
some of the most curious operations of nature. * * * 
I have frequently made this observation, and am per- 
suaded that a habit of keeping the eyes open to every- 
thing that is going on in the ordinary business of life 
has often led, as it were by accident in the playful ex- 
cursions of the imagination, put into action by con- 
templating the most common appearances, to useful 
doubts and sensible schemes for investigation and im- 
provement, than all the more intense meditations of 
philosophers in the hours expressly set apart for study." 

We claim Eumford as an American, and we look 
with the greatest satisfaction upon his scientific career 
and upon the character of his work, which in its method 
and expression is a model of elegance which will ever 
render his writings a classic in the literature of science. 
Let any young student who wishes to learn how physi- 
cal and chemical truths are evolved by inductive re- 
search take up the study of almost any one of Rumford's 
memoirs — for example, that upon " the propagation of 
heat in fluids," in which, among other important data, 
the maximum density of water was first determined and 
the law of its unequal movements under equal variations 
of temperature first fixed by experiment — and he will 
find with what largeness of grasp and accuracy of detail 
the mind of this master marches upon the area of the 
unknown to take captive the facts of observation and 
marshal them in order to science. No writer of his 
time has left a nobler record of original power in physi- 
cal science than Rumford. None in his time and for 
succeeding times has done more, and so well, to solve 
some of the toughest problems of social science than 
he. 

Joseph Priestley's name is immortal in the annals 
of our century of chemistry. We are proud to claim 
him as an American by adoption, and are quite willing 
to adopt with him all his discoveries. A distinguished 
French Academician of this century once said, on pre- 
senting for the first time to the Academy of Sciences in 
Paris a memoir on the Law of Ohm, respecting electric 
conduction (long before accepted and familiar in Ger- 
many, but then first made known in France), " Truly, Mr. 
President, this is not a French discovery, but it is 
worthy to be made such!" So say we of Priestley and 
the discovery of oxygen: if it was not an American dis- 
covery, it is worthy to be made such. Whom England 
cast out with obloquy, we accepted with cordial hospi- 



tality. His heinous sins of republican ideas and hos- 
tility to an established church became virtues here, 
while his pure and blameless life, devoted during his 
later years, as in all his earlier career, to the cause of 
humanity and all truth, is his best defence against the 
charge of heresy which served as one poor factor in the 
indictment under which his house was destroyed by a 
mob, his apparatus, manuscripts, and library, the fruits 
of diligent years of research, consumed and scattered 
in the disgraceful riot at Birmingham in 1791, while he 
and his family fled for life to safer retreats. It is not 
part of my duty, agreeable as it might otherwise be, to 
draw the life and memorialize the scientific discoveries 
of Priestley. On this occasion that pleasing task falls 
to other and abler hands. 

After his removal to the United States Dr. Priestley, 
re-established in the philosophic repose of his delightful 
home, here on the banks of the Susquehanna, again re- 
sumed his scientific studies. Here he completed his 
discovery of carbonous oxide, and here he composed his 
later papers which are recorded in the early volumes of 
the American Philosophical Society's Transactions ; 
and in Dr. Mitchill's Medical Repository. These con- 
tributions were largely devoted to sustaining the phlo- 
gistic theory, of which he remained to the last an ardent 
defender, notwithstanding his own researches, and espe- 
cially the discovery of oxygen, had supplied the weapons 
with which the antiphlogistians triumphed. There are 
few more remarkable examples than his in the range of 
philosophy, of the power of a grand idea to maintain 
itself against the inevitable logic of facts — of the subtle 
power of a plausible but untenable hypothesis to lead 
captive the imagination and pervert the reasoning 
powers. Even the absurdity of taking refuge behind 
an assumed principle of specific levity, to which the 
disciples of Stahl were driven to avoid the unquestion- 
able testimony of experiment, seemed not to stagger 
the faith of Priestley, who has shown himself the master 
of a powerful logic when dealing in the polemics of 
statesmanship and the church. But while we may 
wonder almost if the defender of phlogiston at North- 
umberland can be the same man who is the author of 
some of the most remarkable researches in chemistry in 
his time, we cannot but admire- the charming spirit in 
which he conducted his controversies with Woodhouse, 
Green, McNevin, and Dr. Mitchill, a controversy which, 
begun as strangers personally, led to a warm and lasting 
friendship, especially with the latter chemist. 



In his paper, read December 20. 1799, before the 
Philosophical Society at Philadelphia, entitled " Ex- 
periments on the change of place in different forms of 
air through several interposing substances," he recog- 
nizes distinctly, for the first time, the phenomena of 
gaseous diffusion, and demonstrates the facts by origi- 
nal and ingenious experiments. He did not, however, 
carry the research far enough to reach the law govern- 
ing the phenomena, a generalization reserved for Gra- 
ham in our time. 

We have quoted from one of Prof. Dove's lectures 
the anecdote illustrating the spirit of the French Acade- 
mician in his willingness to gallicize a German dis- 
covery. We all remember the recent controversy ex- 
cited by the opening sentence in Ad. Wurtz's Discours 
Preliminaire prefixed to his Dictionary of Chemistry 
(1868): "La chimie est line science frangaise." 
While with certain qualifications it is true that modern 
chemistry has its starting-point with Lavoisier and his 
colleagues, still we cannot fail to recognize, in this 
sweeping declaration the same spirit of appropriation, 
nor wonder at the animosity it excited in Kolbe and 
other German and English writers. 

Early Scientific Foundations. — Of foundations for 
exclusively scientific purposes made in the latter part 
of the last century, we enumerate but four : — 

1. That of Rum ford to the American Academy in 
Boston. 

2. The foundation of the Rumford Professorship out 
of the residue of Rumford's estate at Cambridge. 

3. The Magellan foundation, given to the American 
Philosophical Society in Philadelphia. 

4. The Erving Chemical Foundation at Cambridge. 

In the year 1796, Benjamin Thompson, Count Rum- 
ford, made to the American Academy, at Boston, a do- 
nation of five thousand dollars three per cent, stock in 
the funds of the United States, the income of which was 
for the award of two medals every second year for 
original researches and a published memoir in any part 
of America, upon heat and light. (Memoirs Am. Acad., 
II., 141, 1804.) 

The history of this foundation is recorded in Dr. Ellis's 
charming Memoir of Rumford, lately published by the 
American Academy, pp. 250-268. It appears that the 
Academy, in discharge of its trust, caused, in 1799, ad- 
vertisements to be published in all the principal cities 
of the United States, giving notice that they were pre- 



8 

pared to award this honorable distinction to any worthy 
claimant who might be entitled to receive it. But it 
was not until the year 1839 that an occasion was found 
which was deemed by the Academy worthy of this 
honor; and it must ever be a source of just pride to 
the chemists of America, that in the year mentioned the 
Academy gave from the interest of the Rumford fund 
the sum of six hundred dollars to Dr. Robert Hare, of 
Philadelphia, in consideration of his invention of the 
compound blowpipe, and his improvements in the vol- 
taic pile. 

It may seem to some rather surprising that the 
Academy did not make the award to Rumford himself, 
in his lifetime, for his various discoveries respecting 
light and heat. They were probably restrained from 
doing so by a scrupulous regard for the literal terms of 
the trust ; seeing, while Rumford was an American, he 
was not, during the time of his principal researches, 
resident in " any part of the continent of America." 

This consideration need not restrain us, however, 
from doing honor to the American who demonstrated 
that heat was a mode of motion, more than a generation 
before the time of the modern philosophers to whom this 
discovery is often awarded. 

In 1870 the Rumford Medal Fund had accumulated 
to upwards of thirty-seven thousand dollars, and by a 
decree of the Supreme Court, made under authority of 
the Massachusetts Legislature, the Academy was author- 
ized to award Rumford medals annually ; to add to such 
award a pecuniary grant for scientific work, not more 
than three hundred dollars in any one year, and to ex- 
pend such further sums as in their discretion may seem 
best calculated to facilitate the making of discoveries 
and improvements which may merit the premiums to 
be by them awarded, etc. (Life of Rumford, p. 
266.) 

The " Life of Rumford" and " The Complete Works 
of Rumford," published by the American Academy of 
Arts and Sciences, now in progress, will probably fill 
five or six 8vo. volumes, of which Dr. Ellis's Life of 
Rumford is one. This and three volumes of the " Com- 
plete Works" are already published by the Academy. 
No American, since " Franklin's Life and Works" were 
printed, has received a more enduring scientific com- 
memoration than this. 

The Erving Foundation of £1000, in 1791, for the 
endowment of the chemical chair in Harvard Univer- 



sity, was, I believe, the earliest foundation of its kind in 
America. It is further noticed under the name of 
Aaron Dexter. 

The Rumford Professorship at Harvard was, by 
the will of Rumford, declared to be founded " to teach 
by regular courses of academical and public lectures, 
accompanied by proper experiments, the utility of the 
physical and mathematical sciences, for the improve- 
ment of the useful arts, and for the extension of the in- 
dustry, prosperity, happiness, and well-being of society." 
The "Rumford Fund" for this professorship amounted, 
in the books of the college treasurer in 1870, to $52,848. 
On this foundation, there have been four appointments, 
viz. : — 

Dr. Jacob Bigelow, from 1816 to 1827. 

Prof. Daniel Treadwell, " 1834 to 1845. 

Prof. Eben N. Horsford, " 1847 to 1863. 

D. Wolcott Gibbs, " 1863 to 1874. 

While chemistry was not a subject specified in the 
will of Rumford. it was so plainly congenial to his pur- 
poses, that the Rumford professor was in charge of the 
chemical work of the Lawrence Scientific School from 
1847 until, quite recently, its incumbent, under the new 
regime at Harvard, has been remanded to the specific 
work of the foundation, and the chemical work has been 
placed under the direction of the Erving chemical 
chair. 

The Rumford foundation has contributed to our 
American scientific literature, aside from the separate 
memoirs of its distinguished incumbents, some of which 
will have our attention hereafter among our chemical 
contributions, a volume entitled " Elements of Tech- 
nology" (Boston, 1829), containing the lectures of Dr. 
Bigelow, delivered during his ten years of service on ' 
that foundation. 

The Magellan Fuxd. — In January, 1786, Mr. J. 
H. de Magellan, of London (not to be confounded with 
the navigator Magalhaens, b. 1474, d. 152-1, and after 
whom the Magellan Straits are named), gave to the 
American Philosophical Society the sum of two hundred 
guineas, to be vested in a permanent fund, the income 
of which was to awarded in medals of gold, with a 
specific inscription, in reward for original observations 
" in navigation or natural philosophy, mere natural his- 
tory alone excepted." I have not found any award of 
this medal for researches in chemistry. 

These are all the foundations of which I have ob- 



IO 

served any notice, for the encouragement of chemical and 
physical research, prior to the close of the eighteenth 
century, in this country. 

Chemistry in America -prior to the Commencement 
of the present Century. — Of public seminaries of learn- 
ing, other than medical institutions, where chemistry 
was taught from a separate chair, and as a distinct 
branch of the college curriculum of instruction, prior to 
A. D. 1800, we find but one, and this distinction belongs 
to Nassau Hall, in Princeton, N. J. On the 1st of Oc- 
tober, 1795, the day after the annual commencement in 
that year, the trustees of that institution elected Dr. 
John Maclean Professor of Chemistry. He was a 
young chemist of Scotland, fresh from the instruction of 
Black and Hope and of the French School. But it is 
only just to add that Dr. Maclean, on the death of his 
colleague in the Chair of Mathematics and Natural 
Philosophy, assumed these duties in addition to those of 
chemistry. Dr. Maclean ever deserves honorable men- 
tion as one of the earliest and most successful teachers 
of our science in this country. Prof. Silliman in his 
reminiscences gratefully recognizes his obligations to 
Dr. Maclean and to Princeton. He says (vol. 1, p. 100, 
Fisher's Life), " I regard him as my earliest master in 
chemistry, and Princeton as my first starting-point in 
that pursuit." Dr. Maclean in 18 12 accepted the chem- 
ical chair in William and Mary College in Virginia. In 
Paris Dr. Maclean had learned to admire the antiphlo- 
gistic theory, as the " new chemistry" of Lavoisier was 
then called, and which he taught aud defended at 
Princeton. 

In 1797 he published " Two Lectures on Combustion, 
supplementary to a Course of Lectures on Chemistry ; 
read at Nassau Hall, containing an examination of Dr. 
Priestley's considerations on the Doctrine of Phlogiston 
and the Decomposition of Water." These lectures dis- 
play both ability and learning, and form an interesting 
chapter in the history of the phlogistic discussion. 

Dr. Maclean contributed several articles to the N. Y. 
Medical Repository, and his name is associated with 
that of Prof. Silliman in editing the first American 
edition of Henry's Chemistry in 1808. 

Lectures on chemistry were given in connection with 
the Chairs of Physics or Natural Philosophy, and in 
the medical departments of several colleges at an earlier 
date than at Princeton. 

At William and Mary the Right Eev. James Madi- 



II 

son was Professor of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy 
as early as 1774. 

At the University of Pennsylvania we find Dr. John 
Ewing filling the Chair of Natural Philosophy and 
Chemistry from 1779 to 1801. 

At Yale a chemical chair was instituted in 1798, but 
no professor was appointed until 1803. 

At Columbia it was resolved in 1800 that chemical 
instruction should be separately given as a condition 
for the bachelor's degree, but no professor was ap- 
pointed until 1802. 

In the other academic colleges we find that chemical 
instruction was commenced at Bowdoin in 1805 by 
Parker Cleaveland, who held the office to 1858; in 
South Carolina College in 181 1 ; in Dickinson College 
in 181 1, and at Brown University in the same year; 
at Dartmouth in 1820; in Rutgers in 1830, and in 
Williams in 1830. 

In the medical colleges we find chemistry early recog- 
nized as a branch of the curriculum of medical study, 
but at first in connection with materia medica. Thus 
in — 

The University of Pennsylvania in 1 768. 
King's (Columbia) College " 1767. 

Harvard College, Mass., " 1782. 

Dartmouth College. N H., " 1798. 

College of Medicine, Md., " 1808. 

What kind of chemistry it was which was taught 
prior to the discovery of oxygen, it is easy to under- 
stand, and yet we must not suffer ourselves to under- 
value the knowledge of those days. But of one thing 
we may be sure — we shall find little to detain us in ex- 
amining the contributions to chemistry made in those 
early times. A few names of chemists stand out in bold 
relief on that distant background, but we find on ex- 
amining the record that they shine rather by the bright- 
ness of their performances in other departments of 
knowledge than in chemistry. This is true of that 
eminent man, Dr. John Winthrop of Harvard, al- 
ready named. Of the chemical work of his successors, 
Williams and Webber, if they did any, we have no 
record, and the same is true of Aaron Dexter, Prof, of 
Chemistry and Materia Medica at Cambridge from 1783 
to 1806. But of the eminent abilities of John GtOrham, 
who succeeded Dexter, we shall speak among the men of 
this century. » 



12 

So in Philadelphia we find that eminent man, Dr. 
Benjamin Eush, elected to the chemical chair in the 
University of Pennsylvania, August i, 1769, but we 
discover no record of his chemical work. He had been 
a student at Edinburgh, under the instruction of Dr. 
Joseph Black, and was an able expositor of the doc- 
trines taught by the renowned Scotch teacher to whom 
belongs the honor of inaugurating the quantitative 
methods in chemistry, first set forth in his research into 
the difference between the so-called mild and caustic 
alkalies, in his well-known essay " De Magnesia Alba," 
in which he distinctly recognizes the function of car- 
bonic acid, under the name of " fixed air." ' Dr. Eush 
was undoubtedly the first professor of chemistry in 
America, and as such his name must ever be enter- 
tained with respect, while he owes his well-earned repu- 
tation to his labors in other departments. 

Dr. James Hutchinson, who succeeded Dr. Eush, 
had finished his studies in London, under the renowned 
Dr. John Fothergill, and that he had attained notable 
proficiency in the science of chemistry we must believe, 
from the fact that in the year 1774, the trustees of the 
Philadelphia College presented him with a gold medal 
" for his superior knowledge in chemistry," inscribed 
" Jacobus Hutchinson, 1774," and on the reverse, " Na- 
turae Artisque Arcana Eetexi." After his death in 
1 793, the chair of chemistry was filled by the appoint- 
ment of Dr. James Woodhouse, of whom more particular 
mention is made below. 

I have been unable to find any original contributions 
by Dr. Hutchinson to our science. He lived amid the 
troubles of the American Eevolution, and took an active 
part in the direction and organization of the medical 
department of the army under Washington, as well as 
in the local politics of Pennsylvania. 

James Woodhouse was the Professor of Chemistry in 
the medical department of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania from 1795 to his death in 1809, succeeding Dr. 
Hutchinson ; Dr. Priestley having declined the chair, to 
which he had been unanimously elected. Dr. Wood- 
house was a frequent contributor to the Medical Reposi- 
tory of Dr. Mitchill, the Medical Museum of Dr. Coxe, 
and the American Philosophical Society, but his original 
investigations were few. His paper in answer to Dr. 
Priestley's arguments on the doctrine of phlogiston, 
which will be found in the Am. Phil. Trans, for 1 794, 
p. 452, was sustained by well-devised experiments. He 



13 

also, while in England in 1802, communicated to Nichol- 
son's Journal (vol. ii.), " Experiments and observations 
on the vegetation of plants, to show that the common 
opinion of the amelioration of the atmosphere by vege- 
tation in solar light is ill-founded." This paper was re- 
produced in the Ann. de Ch. et Phys., xliii. 1802, p. 
194, and in the same journal he published " An account 
of an experiment in which potash calcined with charcoal 
took fire on the addition of water, and ammoniacal gas 
was produced" (Nicholson's Journal, xxi. 1808, pp. 
290, 291 ). He was, I think, the first to demonstrate, by 
several comparative experiments, "the superiority of 
the anthracite coal from the River Lehigh, in North- 
ampton County, Pennsylvania, over the bituminous 
coals of Virginia, for intensity and regularity of heating 
power," an interesting historical fact. 

Dr. Woodhouse in 1807 edited an edition of Chep- 
taVs Elements of Chemistry, in two volumes, with 
many notes and additions, besides editing an edition of 
Parkinson's Chemical Pocket Book, 1802, with an 
appendix containing the principal objections to the 
phlogistic theory of chemistry, and a plate of his work- 
ing laboratory. Professor Silliman attended the lec- 
tures of Dr. AVoodhouse in 1802-3, and has drawn his 
portrait in his personal reminiscences. (See Life of 
Silliman, by Fisher, 1865, i. 100.) 

Aaeox Dexter, Professor of Chemistry and Materia 
Medica at Harvard College for thirty-eight years, from 
1783 to 1 8 16. was neither a man of research nor a suc- 
cessful teacher, if we may trust the memories of some of 
his pupils, who still survive, but we owe him thanks in 
that his influence (says Quincy, in his History of Harvard 
University) probably availed to induce Major William 
Erving to endow the chemical chair in Harvard College 
by a bequest of one thousand pounds in 1791, which 
chair has since been called after the founder. 

In New York, where the learned Dr. Samuel Bard 
early instituted a medical school, which was united with 
King's (now Columbia) College, and which conferred its 
first medical degrees in 1769, we find but little to re- 
quire our notice in chemistry prior to the appointment 
of Dr. Samuel Latham Mitchill, who was elected in 
1 792 ' ; Professor of Chemistry and Natural History," 
in Columbia College. Few names in the early annals 
of American science are more worthy of our respectful 
regard than that of Dr. Mitchill. He was the first pro- 
fessor of chemistry in the United States who introduced 



i-4 

a knowledge of the Lavoisierian nomenclature, pre- 
ceding Dr. Maclean in this by two years. Very soon 
after his appointment we find him in 1 794 publishing an 
essay on the " Nomenclature of the New Chemistry," 
and involved in a friendly controversy with Dr. Priestley 
on phlogiston, to which allusion has already been made. 
In 1797 he published in Nicholson's Journal (i. 481- 
487) " An attempt to accommodate the disputes among 
the chemists concerning phlogiston." Dr. Mitchill was 
a man of wide grasp and varied learning, keenly alive 
to the importance of all knowledge, and an earnest 
worker in many lines of research. He established in 
1798 the New York Medical Repository, etc., the 
first journal which was devoted to general as well as 
medical science in the United States. In 1 796 he made 
"A mineralogical exploration of the banks of the Hudson 
Kiver," which was the earliest attempt in America in 
this line of research, and in 1804 he published in the 
New York Medical Reporter " A sketch of the mineral- 
ogical history of the State of New York." In 1809 he 
also published in Tilloch's Magazine (xxxiv. 125) a 
"Discourse on Mineralogy." Of chemical papers he 
published, besides many minor notices in his own jour- 
nal, in Tilloch's Magazine, in 1800, " On the non-action 
of nitric acid on silver, copper, and tin" (vii. pp. 83-85), 
and again in Tilloch (xx. 1800, 97), he communicates 
" Some interesting particulars on the history of the 
muriate of soda." In 1802 he presented a memoir to 
the American Philosophical Society, entitled " Obser- 
vations on soda, magnesia, and lime, in the water of the 
ocean, and how the water of the ocean may be rendered 
fit for washing without the aid of soap." ( Trans., v. 
pp. 139-147.) In 1 80 1 Dr. Mitchill published his 
" Synopsis of Chemical Nomenclature and Arrange- 
ment." 

While Dr. Mitchell's chief contributions to science 
were in zoology and general science, we see by this 
sketch that he was one of the earliest contributors to our 
chemical literature, and the first author in the United 
States, whose name appears in the list of writers upon 
chemical philosophy. 

Of journals and periodicals devoted to science in 
the last and the early part of the present century, there 
were very few or none, aside from the Transactions be- 
fore referred to, in which science, properly so called, 
found any recognition, and such as there were were gen- 
erally medical journals prior to the end of the last 
century. 



is 

The Medical Repository, conducted by Dr. Samuel L. 
Mitchill and others, in New York, commenced in 1798, 
and was continued with various editorial changes until 
1824. It was the vehicle for a number of chemical con- 
tributions, and especially did Dr. Joseph Priestley near 
the close of his life publish in it several letters devoted 
chiefly to the defence of the phlogistic theory. It 
counted among its contributors also Dr. James Wood- 
house, who was the antagonist of Dr. Priestley in the 
phlogistic controversy, Dr. McNevin, Dr. G-riscom, and 
others. 

The Philadelphia Medical Journal was the resort 
of Dr. Robert Hare, as well as of the authors before 
named ; Coxe's " Medical Museum," in Philadelphia, 
the Baltimore Medical Journal, the New York Medical 
and Physical Journal, by Dr. Hosack and others; and 
the Boston Journal of Philosophy and the Arts need 
not detain us, as their objects were mainly medical, and 
chemistry was only incidental to them. 

The chemical student of to-day will find little to re- 
ward him in his Search in these border lands of our 
science. 

In January. 18 10, appeared in New York the first 
number of The American Mineralogical Journal, 
conducted by Dr. Archibald Bruce, Professor of Ma- 
teria Medica and Mineralogy, etc. This was the first 
journal entirely devoted to science, and supported ex- 
clusively by original American contributions, which 
appeared in the United States. It ceased with the ap- 
pearance of its fourth number in 18 1 4, and in all covers 
only 270 pages. It received the support of many of 
the working men of the times in its own departments, 
and contains the original record of many interesting ob- 
servations in both mineralogy and chemistry, to some 
of which more particular reference will be made. 

In 181 7 appeared the first volume of the Journal of 
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 
aided by the well sustained liberality of William 
Maclure, a name never to be forgotten in the history of 
American science. This journal, although essentially 
devoted to natural history, was also the vehicle for 
some early chemical contributions. We find among 
its contributors the names of Keating, Yanuxem, Mor- 
ton, Troost, Bowen, H. Seybert, and others of the older 
chemists and mineralogists. 

In July, 18 1 8, appeared the first number of the 
American Journal of Science, conducted by Benjamin 



i6 

Silliman, of Yale College. A perusal of the " Intro- 
ductory Kemarks" by the editor at the opening of the 
first number, reveals the spirit in which- this under- 
taking was commenced. After paying a deserved trib- 
ute of respect and affection to Dr. Archibald Bruce, 
whose death had just then put an end to his journal, 
Prof. Silliman remarks : " Most of the periodical works 
of our country have been short-lived. This also may 
perish in its infancy ; and if any degree of confidence is 
cherished that it will attain a maturer age, it is derived 
from the obvious and intrinsic importance of its under- 
taking ; from its being built upon permanent and mo- 
mentous national interests ; and from the evidence of a 
decided approbation of the design on the part of men of 
the first experience, obtained in the progress of an ex- 
tensive correspondence." The founder lived to see the 
completion of the first series of fifty volumes, and thirty- 
eight volumes of the second series in 1864, which closed 
the first century of volumes in 1870. This journal be- 
longs, then, to both the historical and contemporaneous 
divisions of our subject, and in its "successive indexes 
will be found the titles and authors of the larger num- 
ber of the most important American contributions to 
chemistry. 

It is not requisite to our purpose now to consume 
valuable time in enumerating the titles of the various 
journals, proceedings, and transactions which have ap- 
peared in constantly increasing numbers since 18 18. 
They are familiar to all students of science, and few of 
them are specially devoted to chemistry. We should 
not fail, however, to name — 

The Franklin Journal (now the Journal of the 
Franklin Institute), commenced by Dr. Thomas Jones, 
of Philadelphia, in January, 1826, under the auspices 
and as the organ of the Franklin Institute of Philadel- 
phia. It has been continued monthly ever since, under 
various editorial changes, and has now just completed 
the sixty-eighth volume of its third series, which has 
lately passed under the editorship of Prof. George F. 
Barker, of the University of Pennsylvania, making, 
with thirty volumes in the first two series, ninety-eight 
volumes in all. This journal, although avowedly and 
largely mechanical, has always been, to some degree, 
and especially of late years, a vehicle for original com- 
munications in physics and chemistry. Its life com- 
menced with the opening of the semi-centennial of the 
century we celebrate. 



17 

The American Chemist, New York, is a monthly 
journal devoted exclusively to chemical subjects, under 
the editorship of Professors Chas. F. Chandler and 
Wm. H. Chandler. It was commenced in 1870, and 
has concentrated and called out an amount of ori- 
ginal work and authorship in chemistry, which is the 
best evidence of the large number of working chemists 
now engaged in our science in the United States. In 
its pages appear, as in no other American journal, the 
full record of such occasions as this which we now cele- 
brate, with full abstracts of foreign chemical papers in 
all languages. 

Of the Boston Journal of Cliemistry, and other more 
purely special or technical journals, of which each de- 
partment of chemical art now counts one or more, we 
can speak only in the most general terms. Among 
these, however, we should by no means pass without 
special mention the American Journal of Pharmacy, 
which, from its commencement in 1825 to the present 
time, has been the repository of all that is most valuable 
in this branch of chemistrv. In it are recorded the labors 
of Daniel B. Smith, R. E. Griffith. Geo. B. Wood, Bache, 
Carson, Hodgson, Durand, Parrish, Bridges, Bullock, 
Maisch, Mayer, and above all of W. Procter, Jr., whose 
untimely death still leaves him with a record the bare 
enumeration of which fills seven closely printed columns, 
comprising the titles of over six hundred articles, of 
which a large number are original. A general index 
to forty-two volumes of this journal was compiled in 
1873. by H. M. Wilder— 8vo. pp. 314. Philadelphia. 

Transactions of Learned Societies. — In these we 
find the only record often of the early work of American 
chemists, and we will next consider some of the more 
important of these. 

" The American Academy of Arts and Sciences," 
at Boston, was established by a charter of incorporation 
granted May 4th, 1780, and its first volume of Me- 
moirs, to the end of 1783, appeared in 1785, in 568 
pages, 4to. Of the fifty-four memoirs printed in this 
volume, the most numerous and important are the astro- 
nomical and mathematical papers, among which we 
cannot notice without interest at this time the observa- 
tion of the transit of Mercury over the sun November 
1 2th, 1782, by Bev. Philips Payson and James Win- 
throp, Esq. ; nor can we fail to observe the very marked 
difference between the quality of the science developed 
in the astronomical papers, as compared to the meagre 
2 



i8 

■attempts to discuss chemical subjects. The volume 
contains only two papers which can be called in any 
wise chemical, viz., " Observations upon the Art of 
Making Steel. By the Reverend Daniel Little, F.A. 
A.," in which the author states it as the opinion of 
writers of the time ' that the principal difference be- 
tween iron and steel consists in this : that the latter is 
combined with a greater quantity of phlogiston than 
the former. Phlogiston exists in all inflammable sub- 
stances, and in some that are not inflammable." And 
hence in cementation we must use a substance like char- 
coal, the coal of bones, etc., to form a "cement which 
contains the greatest quantity of phlogiston." The 
author's experimental addition to the art of making 
steel was in the use of the marine plant known as rock- 
weed to form the cementing material, which he found to 
produce a superior quality of steel. The second chem- 
ical paper is a memoir entitled, " Experiments on the 
Waters of Boston." By J. Fekon, a Surge on -major in 
the French fleet then stationed near Boston, printed 
"both in French and English. This appears to be the 
earliest attempt at the chemical examination of water 
in this country. In the sea-water taken at the head of 
the " Long Wharf," he finds on evaporation 472 grains 
of solid residue in an English quart, which, dissolved in 
•distilled water, left on the filter 6 grains of " calcareous 
•earth" (probably gypsum). The filtered solution being 
evaporated, left 400 grains of " sea salt, with an alka- 
line basis" (sodium chloride), " from 40 to 47 grains of 
sea salt with the terene basis, or sal. cathart. amar." 
(meaning magnesium sulphate), " and a small quantity 
of oil" (meaning probably magnesium chloride). He 
also examined the pump-water in common use at that 
time, and finds it near the sea contaminated with ma- 
rine salts. That from Beacon Hill, Charter street, and 
New Boston, was nearly free from impurities. He tested 
their hardness by soap, determined their specific gravity 
and temperature, and " by the alkaline lixivium used 
for making Prussian blue" (yellow cyanide of potas- 
sium) he proved the absence of "any metallic principle" 
(e. g., iron), and then compared the pump-w T ater w T ith 
distilled water, in forming tinctorial infusions in vials 
of equal size, using as his test equal quantities of pul- 
verized rhubarb exposed to the same degree of heat, 
and also repeating the trial with cochineal, logwood, 
and beet juice, detecting in each case the difference of 
color due to the presence of alkaline salts. He also 



19 

used nutgalls with " the fixed alkali" (potassium car- 
bonate, probably), "which turned it to a deep green." 
He inferred from these tests the presence of earthy and 
alkaline salts, " with some marks of the marine acid." 
He used silver nitrate and solution of mercury, and ob- 
tained the appropriate insoluble chlorides. By a solu- 
tion of fixed alkali he obtaiued also a white precipitate 
of about six grains to the quart, " which dissolved in 
acid with effervescence" (calcic and magnesian carbon- 
ates). Left at rest in bottles, some of these waters gave 
off " a quantity of air, rising in bubbles to the surface." 
and let fall a small sediment. " Lime-water dropped 
into these waters formed a white cloud, and detached a 
precipitate of the same color." The water of Beacon 
Hill and Charter street gave no such precipitate with 
the alkalies nor with lime-water. He asks if the reac- 
tion with lime-water and the escape of air-bubbles does 
not indicate an earth, suspended by means of a super- 
abundance of air (meaning carbonic acid). He then 
proceeds to determine the solid residue by evaporation, 
and with considerable skill to estimate the chief con- 
stituents of the saline mass, using the methods of analy- 
sis then known. His paper, translated into modern 
chemical terms, would not be esteemed an unworthy 
contribution to-day ; and considering the fact that there 
was then hardly one seat of learning in America where 
chemistry was recognized even by name in the curri- 
culum of study, nor was there then an operative labora- 
tory, we must regard with respect this early contribution 
to the science. It certainly exhibits a truly scientific 
spirit, reflected, no doubt, from the French schools, in 
which the author was probably trained. Dr. Feron 
communicated to the Academy a " Second Essay on the 
Boston Pump Waters," which is contained in vol. ii. p. 
1 70 of the Memoirs of the Academy, 1 790-93. 

Dr. Samuel Tenney, surgeon to one of the Massa- 
chusetts regiments during the Bevolutionary war, being 
stationed near Saratoga, sent to the Academy at Boston 
in Sept. 1, 1783, "An account of a number of medi- 
cinal springs at Saratoga, in the State of New York." 
This, I believe, is the earliest record we have of these 
now renowned mineral springs, which had been first 
observed by the surveyors only thirteen years before ; 
and prior to Dr. Tenney's visit and description they 
had been frequented only by a few poor people from 
the immediate neighborhood. Dr. Tenney very accu- 
rately estimates and foretells the importance of these 



20 

saline waters. He gives a clear and intelligent account 
of the mode of their occurrence, and shows his sagacity 
by his experiments made on the spot with only such 
agents as his medical chest afforded to determine the 
chemical character of the waters. He distinctly recog- 
nizes their alkaline character. One he finds to be a 
chalybeate, and in all he finds " fixed air " to be the 
agent holding the " calcareous earth" and iron in solu- 
tion. He says, "It is obvious these waters are essen- 
tially the same with the acidulse of Pyrmont, Seltzer, 
etc., which have been so famous in Europe." From the 
great accumulation of calcareous deposits left by these 
waters he concludes that the flow of water must have 
been formerly much greater than at the time of his ob- 
servations, and he reasons hence that these springs 
have all the appearance of being in a state of decay. 
His speculations as to the cause of the fault or break 
in the rocks along the line of which the springs are 
situated are curious. He finds the elastic power of 
"fixed air" set free from the lime rocks, by the "vitri- 
olic acid" which "abounds in the subterranean regions, 
an adequate cause to produce such an explosion as 
would burst asunder the most solid rocks, leaving reser- 
voirs to be filled with water charged with carbonic 
acid, forming a proper menstruum for dissolving the cal- 
careous earth or iron ore which it might meet in its 
passage." He cites many cases of the medicinal value 
of the waters administered under his own directions to 
the men of his regiment. 

Dr. Tenney's account of the Saratoga waters did 
much to bring these springs into general notice. It is 
curious to compare his chemical results with the recent 
analyses of the same waters by our colleague, Dr. 
C. F. Chandler, in evidence of the difference afforded in 
this comparison of the state of the art of analysis at the 
two periods, nearly a century apart. 

With the exception of two technical papers on the 
manufacture of solar salt at Cape Cod, and on the 
manufacture of potashes, the latter by Aaron Dexter, 
of Harvard, there are no further chemical papers in the 
volumes of the American Academy for a long course of 
years. 

TJie Connecticut Academy, and the Weston Meteor, 
Professors Silliman and Kingsley. — The Connecticut 
Academy of Arts and Sciences was incorporated by the 
Legislature of that State in the year 1 799. In the first 
volume of its memoirs, published in 18 10, will be found 



" An account of the meteor which burst over "Weston, 
in Connecticut, in December 1807. By Professors 
Silliman and Kingsley" (pp. 141-163). Xo scientific 
paper had before appeared in the United States which 
excited so much attention and comment as this. Ow- 
ing to the extraordinary nature of the phenomena de- 
scribed, and, no doubt, also, to the fairness and vigor of 
its description, this paper was very generally repro- 
duced. It was read, March 4, 1808, before the Ameri- 
can Philosophical Society, and appeared in the Trans- 
actions of that Society (vi. pp. 423-443, 1809). Con- 
trary to a standing rule, to take no notice of matters 
appearing in the public prints, this paper was also read, 
at the time, before the Royal Society at London, and 
the French Academy at Paris. Thomas Jefferson, then 
president of the American Philosophical Society, is re- 
ported to have said on this occasion, in the well-known 
language of David Hume regarding miracles, " that it 
was easier to believe that two Yankee Professors could 
lie than to admit that stones could fall from heaven" — 
a remarkable evidence of the limited knowledge of such 
subjects then prevailing in this country, even in the 
minds of the most cultivated people. But it is chiefly 
with the chemical side of this paper we are now con- 
cerned. It contains, under a separate heading, a 
" Chemical examination of the stones which fell at 
Weston (Connecticut), December 14, 1807. By B. 
Silliman, Professor of Chemistry in Yale College." 
This examination extends to each of the constituent 
parts of the stone, viz: 1. Of the stone at large. 2. 
Of the pyrites. 3. Of the malleable iron. 4. Of the 
black irregular mass. 5. Of the crust. 6. Of the 
globular bodies. The chemical portion of this memoir 
is the earliest research of the kind of which we have 
any account in this country. There was not at that 
time a laboratory fitted with the appliances needful for 
accurate analytical research. The weighings were 
made on a common pharmaceutical balance, with weights 
of only ordinary accuracy. There was then no book or 
treatise on analytical chemistry accessible here, beyond 
the special work of former investigators, given in their 
memoirs. Prof. Silliman appears to have followed in 
this case the memoirs of Yaquelin and Howard, in their 
analyses of the meteoric stone of Benares, and beyond 
this to have been guided by his own sagacity. 

The Oxijhydrogen Bloicpipe of Dr. Hare, 1802. — 
Probably no chemical discovery made in this country 



22 

has been more generally cited or less generally under- 
stood in its scientific significance, than the oxyhydrogen 
blowpipe of Dr. Hare ; or, as it was called by his col- 
league, Prof. Silliman, " Hare's Compound Blowpipe." 
Having some knowledge of the facts, I propose to re- 
view them briefly, and to show that this was in reality 
a memorable scientific event. 

No one can read the original memoir by Dr. Hare 
in Tilloch's Philosophical Magazine (xiv. 1802, pp. 
238-245 and 298-308), without perceiving in it the 
evidence of a truly philosophical mind, proceeding by 
successive steps in a most natural order 'of induction 
from a simple attempt to improve the ordinary hydro- 
static blowpipe to the discovery of a philosophical 
principle far in advance of the science of the time. 
Dr. Hare's paper was entitled " Memoir on the Supply 
and Application of the Blowpipe. By Mr. Kobert 
Hare, Jr., member of the Chemical Society of Phila- 
delphia." ("Published by order of the Society.") The 
author was at that time about twenty years of age. 
The Chemical Society of Philadelphia appears not to 
have been a publishing society, and Dr. Hare's original 
memoir, although separately published as a pamphlet in 
Philadelphia in 1802, was never, so far as I can discover, 
reproduced in any American scientific journal or trans- 
actions. It is reproduced as an " Extract" from M. 
P. Aadet in the Annates de Chemie, 30 Pluviose, an. 
xi. (tome xlv. 1 13-138). A second paper by Dr. Hare, 
supplementary to his first, appeared in the Transactions 
of the American Philosophical Society at Philadelphia, 
in 1804, under the title "Account of the fusion of 
Strontites and volatilization of Platinum, and also a 
new arrangement of apparatus" (vi. pp. 99-105). This 
paper was read June 17th, 1803. In it he reaffirms his 
former results given in his first memoir, adding those on 
the fusion of strontia and the volatilization of plati- 
num, and describes the form of apparatus executed by 
Prof. Silliman at Yale College, in which the gases were 
confined within the pneumatic trough. In this paper, 
with characteristic generosity, he recognizes his obliga- 
tions to Prof. Silliman, his associate in conducting 
these experiments. The term " Compound Blowpipe" 
was first given to Hare's apparatus by Prof. Silliman, 
who also in 18 12 describes his form of the apparatus 
more at length in the Memoirs of the Connecticut 
Academy. This paper of Prof. Silliman, " On the 
powers of the Compound Blowpipe," was reproduced in 
Bruce's American Miner alogical Journal, p. 199. 



23 

In the Transactions of the American Philosophical 
Society, Philadelphia (vol. 1 1 1, pp. 328-399), is a paper 
read May 7th, 181 2, entitled "Experiments on the 
Fusion of various refractory Bodies by the Compound 
Blowpipe of Dr. Hare. By Benjamin Silliman, Pro- 
fessor of Chemistry and Mineralogy in Yale College." 
This paper is prefaced by " A section of the Pneumatic 
Cistern of Yale College, with the Compound Blowpipe 
of Mr. Hare burning hydrogen and oxygen gas." This 
arrangement of the oxyhydrogen blowpipe by Prof. 
Silliman was extensively reproduced in other labora- 
tories, and was adopted substantially by Dr. Hare. The 
double platinum jet with converging ducts forming the 
continuation of two solid silver tubes, and uniting in a 
common passage, somewhat larger just before their exit, 
at the common orifice below, joined by screws to avoid 
solder, were Mr. Silliman's mode of construction, and it 
was with this jet he conducted the " experiments on the 
fusion of various refractory bodies," as detailed in this 
paper, which relates the results of experiments upon 
more than thirty of the most refractory bodies known, 
many of which had never before been fused. This paper 
w r as republished in TillocWs Magazine. 

In the third edition of Henry's Elements of Chem- 
istry (18 14), edited by Prof. Silliman, the Pneumatic 
Cistern of Yale College is figured on the frontispiece 
w T ith the inscription " Showing the compound blowpipe 
for oxygen and hydrogen from the original constructed 
by Prof. Silliman, and invented by him and Dr. Hare." 

In September, 18 16, Dr. E. D. Clarke, the well-known 
traveller, aud then Professor of Mineralogy in the Uni- 
versity of Cambridge (England), published simultane- 
ously in the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Institution 
(London), vol. ii. p. 104, and in the Ann. de Ch. et Phys., 
tome iii. p. 39, his " account of some experiments made 
with Neiuman's Blowpipe, by inflaming a highly con- 
densed mixture of the gaseous constituents of ivater," 
etc. Newman, the well-known instrument-maker in 
London, had, a few months before (April, 1816), de- 
scribed in the Journal of the Royal Institution (vol. i. 
p. 65), his blowpipe, in which air was compressed by a 
syringe. He does not appear to have contemplated the 
use of any gas but common air. Dr. Clarke, in a foot-note 
to his paper above cited, refers to Dr. Hare's paper of 
1802, but he makes no reference to Prof. Silliman's very 
full statements of his results on the fusion of refractory 
bodies made in 181 1, and published in 1812. That he 



24 

had not seen this paper, is certainly possible. A com- 
parison of the results obtained by these two observers 
shows, however, a singular identity in most of the de- 
tails not easily accounted for. Prof. Silliman, after the 
publication of Dr. Clarke's paper, made a reclamation, 
which was published in the Journal de Physique at 
Paris, for January 1818, and is reproduced with com- 
ments in the first volume of Silliman' s Journal, p. 97. 
Dr. Clarke subsequently published a book entitled 
" On the Gas Blowpipe" (1819), which at once called 
out from Dr. Hare his "Strictures," etc., which appeared 
in the second volume of Silliman' s Journal for 1820 
(pp. 281-302). This is a good example of the vigor 
and thoroughness with which Dr. Hare was wont to deal 
with those who encroached on his rights No explana- 
tion was ever offered by Dr. Clarke for his clear trespass 
upon the researches of his American contemporaries, 
although the whole case was fairly laid before him.* 

We have already mentioned that the American 
Academy at Boston selected the oxyhydrogen blowpipe 
of Dr. Hare for the honor of the first award ever made 
by them from the Kumford medal fund, which had been 
accumulating on their hands for more than forty years. 
It was fit that an American discovery which had been 
almost coeval with the institution of the Rumford 
medals, should have been selected for this decoration. 
It might seem ungracious in us to ask why it was so 
long delayed, seeing it was at length so worthily 
bestowed. 

We have dwelt somewhat at length upon the histori- 
cal portion of Dr. Hare's discovery ; we now return to 
say a few words of its merits as a discovery. 

That Dr. Hare deserved the title of a discoverer, and 
not merely the lesser distinction of an inventor, will ap- 
pear, if we remember that he had the sagacity to recog- 
nize, in his original memoir, the fact overlooked by 
Lavoisier and other experimenters in the same field, 
that in order to obtain the maximum possible effects of 
heat, the body to be heated must be sustained in an 
atmosphere of burning gas, and that charcoal, im- 
pinged upon by a jet of oxygen, did not fulfil this con- 
dition. Hence Hare, after discussing the fundamental 
defects of Lavoisier's methods, says, with great sagacity, 

* A perfectly fair and impartial statement of the facts respecting 
the blowpipe of Dr. Hare will be found in the Ann. de Oh. et Phys., 
1820 tome xiv. p. 302, by Gay-Lus»ac : " Sur la Fusion de divers 
corps refractaires avec If Clhalumeau de Hare." This statement is 
translated in vol. iii. of Silliman's Journal, p. 87, 1821. 



25 

" To avoid these evils, it was thought desirable that 
means might be discovered of clothing the upper sur- 
face of any body which might be subjected to this spe- 
cies of operation with some burning matter, of which the 
heat might be equal to that of the incandescent carbon 
with which the lower surface might be in contact; or by 
which bodies might be exposed on solid supports to a 
temperature equal or superior to that of the porous 
charcoal uniting with oxygen." 

" It soon occurred that these desiderata might be 
attained by means of flame, supported by the hydrogen 
and oxygen gases ; for it was conceived that, according 
to the admirable theory of the French chemists, more 
caloric ought to be extricated by this than by any other 
condition. * * * * * 

" Such was the reasoning which originated the desire 
of employing the flame of the hydrogen and oxygen gases. 
But before this could be accomplished, it was necessary 
to overcome the difficulty of igniting a mixture of these 
aeriform substances without the danger of au explo- 
sion." 

These are remarkable words to have been written in 
1802. They show their author to have possessed 
equally the higher powers needed to seek for and dis- 
cover a great principle, and the lesser power to devise 
the means to apply it in a mechanical combination. 
The discovery precedes the invention — the discoverer 
is master to the inventor. Barely, as in Hare's case, 
do we find the two sets of powers combined. Every 
real discovery is the fertile parent of many inventions. 
Rum ford's paper on the " Source of the Heat excited 
by Friction," which had been communicated in sub- 
stance to the Royal Society in 1798, was not published 
in their Transactions until 1800, and could hardly have 
been known to Hare in 1 801, when he made his dis- 
covery. Indeed the philosophical conclusions flowing 
from Rumford's researches on heat were slow in making 
their way, and the step was a long one from the pheno- 
mena of heat as connected with motion, to the funda- 
mental idea developed by Hare — such a long step as to 
leave the entire originality of Hare in this case beyond 
question. 

Properly considered, the fundamental principle which 
led Hare to the invention of the oxyhydrogen blowpipe 
has also led Siemens in our time to the invention of 
the regenerative gas furnace, by which, as Hare says in 
the memoir already quoted, "To avoid these evils" 



26 

(viz., the contact of solid fuel and the loss of heat con- 
sequent on its conversion into gas), it was thought de- 
sirable that means might be discovered of clothing the 
upper surface of any body" to be heated " with some 
burning matter," . . . . " or by which bodies might 
be exposed on solid supports to a temperature equal or 
superior to that of the porous charcoal uniting with 
oxygen." " It soon occurred that these desiderata 
might be attained by means of flame supported by the 
hydrogen and oxygen gases." 

In the Siemens furnace the objects to be heated are 
sustained on a solid support in an atmosphere of burn- 
ing gas, the oxygen of the atmosphere arriving by one 
inlet, and the combustible gases by another, and the 
two uniting in a true Hare's blowpipe flame to do their 
work. The accessory contrivances for the alternation 
of the flow of gas and air through the regenerative cel- 
lular flues of fire-brick, are evidences of a high degree 
of inventive skill, applied to the solution of a problem 
which, in its essential features, was clearly set forth by 
the American philosopher, Robert Hare, in 1802, in 
his memoir which we have just been considering. 

Of Hare's other Contributions to Science. — It is 
well in this connection to refer briefly to the labors of 
Dr. Hare in other departments of chemical and physical 
research. 

It will be remembered that the award to him by the 
American Academy, in 1839, from the Rumford Medal 
Fund, was equally for his " improvements in galvanic 
apparatus" as for his blowpipe. 

In 18 19 Dr. Hare published his memoir entitled, " A 
New Theory of Galvanism, supported by some experi- 
ments and observations made by means of the calori- 
moter, a new galvanic instrument" (Sillimari's Journal, 
i. p. 413). * In view of our present notions in molecular 
physics, we may perhaps smile at the statement by 
which the author opens his paper. " I have," he says, 
" for some time been of opinion that the principle extri- 
cated by the voltaic pile is a compound of caloric and 
electricity, both being original and collateral products 
of galvanic action." Yet we cannot fail to observe 
that this statement, if clothed in the language of modern 
science, is a distinct recognition of what we call the cor- 
relation of forces. In Hare's calorimeter we have a 
form of apparatus which is admirably adapted to de- 
velop a large quantitative flow, and one which has now 
a wide use for this purpose, the substitution of plates 



27 

of carbon for copper and of amalgamated zinc for the 
unprotected metal, being the only changes which mod- 
ern art has introduced into Hare's original instrument, 
long forgotten, and perhaps before unknown to the ex- 
isting generation, but now revived again, and perma- 
nently installed in the laboratory of the physicist. 

In 1821 Dr. Hare published his memoir entitled, "A 
Memoir on some New Modifications of Galvanic Ap- 
paratus, with Observations in support of his New 
Theory of Galvanism" (Silliman's Journal, iii. p. 105; 
also, in the Phila. Med. Journal). In this memoir he 
describes his " deflagrator," which may be considered as 
a mobilized voltaic pile, capable of instantaneous im- 
mersion in the exciting fluid, and of equally instant sus- 
pension. In place of the laborious process of filling by 
hand the troughs of Cruickshank or "Wollaston, Hare 
supplied the means of bringing any number of voltaic 
couples into immediate action, without the loss of an 
instant of time, and thus, for the first time, secured a 
maximum effect, which, in the previously existing in- 
struments, was impossible. 

It happened, as a consequence of the general adop- 
tion here of Hare's form of the voltaic pile, that power- 
ful deflagrators were in common use in America long 
before any apparatus of equal power was known in 
Europe ; for it was not until 1836 that Daniell discov- 
ered the double-cell battery, and a little earlier that 
Kempt had shown that amalgamated zinc would resist 
the local action, which, prior to that observation, pre- 
vented the construction of sustained, or so-called con- 
stant batteries. In the absence of these two important 
discoveries, Hare's forms of voltaic apparatus were the 
best possible, and well deserved the reward they re- 
ceived at the hands of the American Academy. Fara- 
day, in his Experimental Researches, very honorably 
conceded to Dr. Hare all that his warmest friends could 
ask. After recounting the steps by which he had him- 
self been led to the same mode of construction, he adds : 
' ; On examining, however, what had been done before, 
I found that the new trough was, in all essential re- 
spects, the same as that invented and described by Dr. 
Hare, Professor in the University of Pennsylvania, to 
whom I have great pleasure in referring it." (vol. i. p. 
345. \ 1 123, Experimental Researches, June, 1835.) 

The perusal of Dr. Hare's papers, above referred to, 
as well as his numerous controversial and other discus- 
sions with other authors, will clearly show that he 



28 

always held his qualities as an inventor quite subordi- 
nate to his theoretical views, and that the latter were 
ever prompting him to new researches. His discussion 
with Faraday on Induction (Expt. Res., ii. 251, 1839- 
40), and his letters to Berzelius and toLiebig, on Theo- 
retical Chemistry, are in point. The general index to 
the first series of Silliman's Journal contains the titles 
of no less than 1 50 papers by Dr. Hare, upon a great 
variety of chemical and physical subjects, the mere 
enumeration of which would far transcend our present 
limits. 

Before leaving this subject, it is proper to say that 
the deflagrator of Hare in 1822 enabled Prof. Sillitnan 
to announce the fusion and volatilization of carbon, and 
the actual transfer of the volatilized portion of the posi- 
tive electrode to the negative pole, by which the former 
is made cup-shaped and diminished in length, while the 
latter is sensibly elongated {Am. Journ. Sci., [i.] v. 
108). This fact was disputed by Vanuxem and others, 
but was amply confirmed much later by Despretz, who 
further detected on the walls of the inclosing glass egg, 
within which the arch for 600 Bunsen couples was 
brought to bear on the diamond, minute crystals of car- 
bon obtained from the vapor of the volatilized diamond. 

On the 15th of May, 1858, Dr. Hare died at the ad- 
vanced age of seventy-eight years. In the following 
number of the American Journal of Science, his old 
friend and associate, himself then in his eightieth year, 
presented the following tribute to his early and life- 
long co-laborer, which we reproduce in this connection, 
even at the risk of some repetition of what has already 
been said, as a proper supplement to our notice of two 
of the best known contributors to chemical science in 
this country of the past generation. 

" The late Br. Robert Hare. — During the progress 
of the forty years of our editorial labors, sorrow has 
often been awakened as we have been called to record 
the departure from life of friends and fellow-laborers in 
the common cause. 

" Robert Hare, the distinguished chemist and phi- 
losopher, who died in Philadelphia on the 15th of last 
May in the seventy-eighth year of his age, is entitled to 
a grateful commemoration in this Journal, to whose 
pages his contributions were for many years more nume- 
rous than those of any other correspondent. The enu- 
meration of the titles merely of about one hundred and 
fifty articles furnished by him, occupies five columns of 



20 

the general index of the first fifty volumes of the 
Journal. He appears in forty-one of those volumes, and 
in seven volumes of the Second Series. 

" For more than half a century his name has been 
familiar to men of science as a chemical philosopher, 
and to the cultivators of the useful arts throughout the 
civilized world. 

" Dr. Eobert Hare was born in Philadelphia, Janu- 
ary 17th, 1 78 1. His father was an Englishman, a man 
of strong mind, and honored in his adopted country by 
the public confidence. His mother was from a dis- 
tinguished Philadelphia family. In early life he man- 
aged the business of an extensive brewery, which his 
father had established, but his strong leaning toward 
physical science very early manifested itself, and soon 
led him to abandon the pursuits of a manufacturer and 
devote his talents and fortune to science. Before the 
age of twenty he gave evidence of this predilection for 
scientific pursuits by following the courses of lectures 
on chemistry and physical science in his native city, and 
by uniting himself with the Chemical Society of Phila- 
delphia, then embracing the names of Priestley, Sybert, 
and Woodhouse. 

"In 1 801 he communicated to this Society a descrip- 
tion of the oxyhydrogen blowpipe, which he then called 
a ' hydrostatic blowpipe. 7 Prof. Sillimran, having been 
much engaged with him in a series of experiments with 
this instrument in 1802-3, subsequently distinguished 
it as the ; compound blowpipe.' having, in fact, on his 
return from Philadelphia in 1803, constructed for the 
laboratory of Yale College the first pneumatic trough 
combining Dr. Hare's invention ; an apparatus subse- 
quently figured and described by Dr. Hare in his memoir 
' on the fusion of strontia and volatilization of plati- 
num.'* His memoir to the Chemical Society was sep- 
arately published in 1801, and was republished in 
Tilloch's Phil. Mag., London, 1802, and also in the 
Annales de Chimie (1st series), v. 45. 

" This apparatus was the earliest and perhaps the 
most remarkable of his original contributions to science. 
It was certainly evidence of a highly philosophical mind, 
that Dr. Hare, in that comparatively early period in 
modern chemistry, and when the received notions of the 
true nature of combustion were so vague, not to say 
erroneous, should have had the acumen to conceive that 
a stream of oxygen and hydrogen burning together 

* Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. vi. p. 99, and plate 3 (June 17, 1803). 



30 

should produce so intense a heat. Lavoisier, certainly 
one of the most acute of chemical philosophers, and un- 
surpassed in his skill as an experimentalist, had beaten 
up the same path so far as to direct a jet of oxygen upon 
charcoal, and he thus produced a degree of heat by 
which he fused alumina and other bodies before deemed 
infusible. He had even brought the elements of water 
into the same vessel, and had there burned them from 
separate jets, in his famous apparatus for the recompo- 
sition of water. But it seems never to have occurred 
to him that here was a source of heat greater than any 
then known. In our view, Dr. Hare's merit as a scien- 
tific philosopher is more clearly established upon this 
discovery than upon any other of the numerous contri- 
butions he has made to science. His original experi- 
ments were repeated in 1802-3 in presence of Dr. 
Priestley, the discoverer of oxygen, then on a visit to 
Philadelphia, and of Silliman, Woodhouse, and others. 
They were subsequently greatly extended by Prof. 
Silliman, who, with the apparatus already alluded to, 
subjected a great number of refractory bodies to the 
action of the oxyhydrogen jet, and published an account 
of his results in the Memoirs of the Conn. Acad., May 
7th, 18 1 2. 

" The discovery of the oxyhydrogen blowpipe was 
crowned by the Amer. Acad, at Boston by the Rum- 
ford medal. 

" The historian of science will, in view of the facts 
here quoted, find it needless to notice the disingenuous 
effort of Dr. Clarke of Cambridge, England, in his ' gas 
blowpipe? to overlook or appropriate the discovery of 
Dr. Hare, and the researches of Silliman and others, 
several years after (in 18 19) this discovery had been fully 
before the scientific world — an effect which must ever 
remain as a sad stain upon the reputation of this other- 
wise distinguished man.* 

" It is not our purpose here to rehearse the history of 
Dr. Hare's discovery in full, much less to describe all 
the modifications which the apparatus has received at 
the hands of its original discoverer and others. It is well 

* The reader will peruse with interest, in this connection, Dr. 
Hare's elaborate defence of his own claims and those of his asso- 
ciate, Prof. Silliman, against Dr Clarke's appropriation, in this 
Journal [i], vol. ii. pp. 281-302, 1820. Dr. Clarke, after a full and 
spirited protest had been communicated to him, stating fully Dr. 
Hare's claims and the wrong done him, failed to make any acknowl- 
edgment of his error, thus exonerating us from the force of the old 
maxim, "Nil de mnrtuis nisi bonumy Dr. Hare heads his stric- 
tures on Dr. Clarke's book with the well-known lines of Virgil, 
"Hos ego versiculos feci, tulit alter Iionores," etc. 



31 

known that in later years he constructed the apparatus 
on a gigantic scale, with large vessels of wrought iron 
capable of sustaining the pressure of the Fairmount 
water-works, and that with this powerful combination he 
was able to fuse at one operation nearly two pounds of 
platinum * In these experiments the metal is held upon 
a refractory fire-brick, and both are heated as highly as 
possible in a wind furnace before submitting it to the 
gas-jet. The product of this fusion from the crude 
grains is found to be greatly purified, a result probably 
due to the volatilization at this intense heat of some of 
the associate metals. 

"The employment of Dr. Hare's jet to illuminate 
lighthouses and signal reflectors under the names of 
Drummond light and Calcium light, is only another ex- 
ample of the mode of ignoring the name of the real dis- 
coverer, of which the history of science presents so many 
parallels. 

11 The fertility of Dr. Hare's inventive mind is illus- 
trated by the numerous and ingenious forms of appa- 
ratus which he contrived for research or illustration. To 
many of these he was led by the necessity of preparing 
the illustrations for his lectures upon a scale of magni- 
tude adequate to the instruction of the large classes of 
the Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania. 
He was called to fill the Chair of Chemistry in that in- 
stitution in 1818, and continued in the discharge of its 
duties for nearly a third of a century, and until his re- 
signation in 1847. 

" He was fond of graphic illustrations ; they abound 
in his memoirs and in his Compendium and other works, 
and aided by his lucid descriptions his inventions thus 
become quite intelligible. Where most instructors are 
satisfied with less perfect and more simple means and 
explanations, he seemed to be content with nothing 
short of perfection. 

" During his long course of research and experiment- 
ing, he accumulated a vast store of instruments and 
materials. An inspection of his repositories and the 
treasures there accumulated filled the observer with as- 
tonishment, and in his lecture-room there was always a 
profusion of apparatus, often instruments of great di- 
mensions, corresponding well with his large mind, with 

* Roberts in New York has lately with Dr. Hare's apparatus suc- 
ceeded in fusing perfectly 53 oz. of platinum at one operation, and 
Deville has by the same means more recently fused one hundred aud 
fifty pounds 0/ platinum at ore operation, in obtaining tbe metal for 
the new standards of measure. 



32 

his great physical and intellectual power, and unquench- 
able ardor. He was himself an able and skilful me- 
chanic, and often worked adroitly at the turning 1 lathe 
and with the other resources of a well-furnished shop. 
In his operations he spared neither labor nor expense, 
and bestowed both munificently for the accomplishment 
of his objects. 

" He devoted great labor and skill to the construction 
of new and improved forms of the voltaic pile, and it is 
easy to show, that, owing to his zeal and skill in this de- 
partment of chemical physics, American chemists were 
enabled to employ with distinguished success the intense 
powers of extended series of voltaic couples long in ad- 
vance of the general use of similar combinations in 
Europe. 

" It was with one of Hare's deflagrators that Silliman 
in 1823 first demonstrated the volatilization and fusion 
of carbon, a result considered so extraordinary at the 
time that it was long received with incredulity. Since 
the general introduction of Bunsen's battery, these 
effects are no longer doubted; all Prof. Silliman's re- 
sults having been confirmed and extended by Despretz, 
De La Kive, and others. 

" The deflagrator was invented in 1820.* Four years 
earlier Dr. Hare had contrived another instrument which 
he called the Calorimotor. In this instrument great 
extent of surface was obtained from the combining of 
many large plates ( 1 8" or 24" square) of zinc and copper 
into two series, and plunging the whole at one movement 
into a tank of dilute acid. The magnetic and heating 
effects of this instrument were surprising, and to this 
day no other form of voltaic apparatus appears to occa- 
sion the movement of so great a volume of heat with so 
low a projectile or intensitive force. By it, large rods 
of iron or platinum, when clamped between its jaws, are 
first fully ignited and then fused with splendid phenom- 
ena, while at the same time its intensity is so low that 
hardly the least visible spark can be made to pass by it 
through poles of carbon. 

" In the philosophy of chemistry, Dr. Hare has dis- 
tinguished himself for the zeal and logical acumen with 
which he combated w T hat he conceived to be the errors 
of the salt radical theory. He was ready at all times 
to engage in controversy upon any point of theory where 
he conceived there was an error latent. No one can re- 
view the numerous letters which he has addressed to the 

* Sill. Journal [i], vol. iii. p. 105. 



33 

senior editor of this Journal, to Berzelius, to Liebig, and 
to Faraday, and published in this Journal, without per- 
ceiving that he was no ordinary antagonist. 

"In his family and among his friends Dr. Hare was 
very kind, and his feelings were generous, amiable, and 
genial, although occasionally his manner was abrupt — 
from absence of mind occasioned by his habitual ab- 
straction and absortion in thought ; his mind was ever 
active, and conversation would sometimes seem to 
awaken him from an intellectual reverie. He had high 
colloquial powers, but to give them full effect, it was 
necessary that they should be roused by a great and in- 
teresting subject, and especially if it assumed an antag- 
onistic form. He would then discourse with commanding 
ability, and his hearers were generally as willing to 
listen as he was to speak. 

" He was a man of unbending rectitude, and a faith- 
ful friend both in prosperity and adversity. 

"His frame was robust — powerful and ample in 
structure, and of strong muscular development, having 
been invigorated in earlier years by skilful training ; 
and. had there been occasion, he would have made a 
formidable physical antagonist. His head was large 
and of noble model ; no stranger could meet him with- 
out being impressed by a figure of such grandeur and a 
head and features so remarkable. 

" Dr. Hare was an ardent patriot, who loved his 
country and cherished its institutions not for office or 
emolument, which he never sought or received, but from 
pure and lofty motives. He was of the school of AVash- 
ington — an enthusiastic admirer of that great man — a 
federalist, while that primeval party had a name and re- 
tained vitality — and when it passed by an imperceptible 
transition into another form, he was found among the 
whigs. He occasionally wrote upon the great political 
and financial questions which agitate the public mind. 
These discussions, like all his writings, were always 
marked by vigorous thought, large views, and elevated 
patriotism. 

'•He was not, however, so exclusively a man of 
science as to ignore the charms of literature. His par- 
ticular friends know that his philosophy was sometimes 
softened by listening to the Muses, and he occasionally 
indulged in poetical composition. 

" Dr. Hare was one of the few life members of the 
Smithsonian Institution, to which he gave, soon after he 
resigned his professorship, all his chemical and physical 



34 

apparatus, which has thus become the property of the 
nation." 

Benjamin Silliman. — At the time when the chair of 
chemistry was first occupied by Prof. Silliman in Yale 
College, in 1802, chemistry as a science was almost un- 
known in the United States, and, as we have seen, very 
few contributions had then been made to it in this 
country. Prof. Silliman fully recognized his obligations 
to Dr. John Maclean, of Princeton, where he made a 
pilgrimage immediately after his appointment, and from 
whom he early obtained a list of books for the prosecu- 
tion of his studies. Princeton was thus an authority in 
chemistry before Yale had taken her first lessons in this 
science. Priestley's arrival here in 1794, and his in- 
spiring influence, both by his occasional presence in 
Philadelphia and by his communications to the Ameri- 
can Philosophical Society, naturally made Philadel- 
phia the point of chief attraction in the United States 
to the chemical student at the commencement of the 
nineteenth century. Here Professor Silliman found 
Dr. James Woodhouse filling the chemical chair in 
the University of Pennsylvania, on whose lectures he 
was a faithful attendant. But he was not long in dis- 
covering that he made more real progress in the study 
of chemistry by availing himself of the advantages of a 
small laboratory, which he and a young man by the 
name of Robert Hare united in fitting up with a little 
apparatus and limited means of research. There these 
zealous young students worked together, elaborating 
the compound blowpipe, previously contrived by Hare, 
and of which the history has already been given. His 
chemical work upon the "Weston Meteorite has also 
been noticed. His " Elements of Chemistry in the 
order of the Lectures given in Yale College" was pub- 
lished in two volumes in 1830, and embraced the fruits 
of a long course of successful experience in demonstra- 
tive chemistry, and was, with the exception of Gorham's, 
the first systematic work on our science in this country, 
which was not a reproduction of some European 
treatise. 

Prof. Silliman made important contributions to 
chemical science, as we have seen ; but far more im- 
portant than his researches, to the advancement of this 
department of knowledge, was his remarkable power as 
an expounder of its truths in his lectures. It is not for 
us to enlarge further upon this subjeet, nor is it needful, 



35 

seeing that the work has already been done by the 
graceful pen of Dr. Fisher, his biographer. It is, how- 
ever, but just to add, in passing, that between the years 
1830 and 1850 Prof. Silliman appeared frequently as a 
public lecturer on science in other cities and in very 
distant parts of this country, and was the first college 
professor who ventured to step from' his rostrum to 
teach the people. With what measure of success he 
accomplished this task, without loss to the dignity and 
high office of science, has already been recorded by 
other pens. That these lectures had an important influ- 
ence as an active element in the great awakening of 
the popular mind toward science, elsewhere noticed in 
this essay, cannot be doubted, and it were easy to trace 
his influence in deciding the action of some of those who 
have since made important endowments for science. 

His editorial labors, both in the successive editions of 
Dr. Henry's Chemistry, and far more in the American 
Journal of Science, have already been noticed. He 
filled the chairs of chemistry and mineralogy at Yale 
College for fifty years, during which geology, as a sci- 
ence, was developed and added to his duties. By secur- 
ing early in his career the extensive mineralogical col- 
lection of Col. G. Gibbs to Yale College, he gave this 
department of science great prominence there, and ren- 
dered the development of the geological department 
comparatively easy. 

Of his early contributions to chemistry we have 
already said something ; it is hardly needful here to add 
the titles of his various papers, about sixty of which 
will be found in the catalogue of the Royal Society. 

He was an industrious and zealous worker in the 
laboratory, and eminently successful as a demonstrator. 
In 1808 he, immediately upon the announcement of 
Davy's discovery of the metallic bases of the alkalies 
soda and potassa, repeated Davy's methods by the vol- 
taic pile, and verified his results (see Bruce 's Journal, 
pp. 88 and 134), and he reproduced in full the memoir 
by Gay-Lussac and Th6nard on the furnace process for 
potassium, in his third American edition of Henry's 
Chemistry. His scientific life was at many points inti- 
mately associated with that of Dr. Hare, and we have 
already illustrated this fact by what has been said of 
the researches of the latter philosopher. 

Prof. Silliman wrote on many subjects besides science. 
His "Journal of Travels in England, Holland, and Scot- 
land and of two passages over the Atlantic in 1805 and 



3 6 

i8o6" (3 vols.), was very generally read, and early made 
his name widely known. A visit to Europe was then a 
remarkable event, and no educated American had, be* 
fore him, recorded his experiences. " Europe Revis- 
ited" (2 vols.) was published in 1853, and an earlier 
volume, " Tour from Hartford to Quebec in the Autumn 
of 1819," is a pleasantly written narrative, full of inter- 
esting historical data with reference to the early occu- 
pation of the country by the French. 

Adam Seybert is one of the few American chemists 
who enjoyed the advantage, rare at that time, of a 
training in the School of Mines at Paris, late in the 
last century. He has left but few papers, but his me- 
moir, read before the American Philosophical Society, 
March 10, 1797, entitled "Experiments and Observa- 
tions on Land and Sea Air," is of interest as the earliest 
example of such a research on our records. It relates 
the results of twenty-seven analyses of air made by the 
author at sea in a voyage across the Atlantic, and also 
the comparison of these results with other analyses 
made by him on land, near Philadelphia, by which com-, 
parison he reaches the conclusion that the air over the 
sea is purer than that over the land ; that, while the 
latter varies with locality, the former is nearly constant : 
and he then modestly ventures the suggestion that 
" perhaps the impurities are absorbed by the agitation 
of the waves" — a conclusion to which modern investi- 
gation by the use of more exact methods has also ar- 
rived. Considering the imperfect condition of eudio- 
metric methods in Seybert's time, his research and con- 
clusions therefrom are decidedly creditable to his skill 
and sagacity. Dr. Seybert was the father of Mr. Henry 
Seybert, of whose contributions to chemical mineralogy 
we shall speak more at length. It was Adam Seybert, 
who a few years later performed the office of his great 
namesake in the Garden of Eden, by naming the few 
minerals then forming the collection of Yale College, 
when submitted to him in 1803 by Prof. Silliman. 

Archibald Bruce, M.D., was both a chemist and 
mineralogist as well as a man of profound medical 
attainments. His name is associated with the Ameri- 
can Mineralogical Journal, of which he was the pro- 
jector and editor in 1810-14. It is pleasant to recall 
the fact also that his first chemical analysis " Of native 
magnesia from New Jersey " made known to science 
the beautiful mineral found in the magnesian rocks of 
Castle Point at Hoboken, New Jersey, which now bears 



37 

the name of Bruoite. He had also the sagacity to 
detect and correctly analyze the red zinc (zincite) of 
Sussex in Xew Jersey, associated with the Frauklinite, 
two of the most distinctive and beautiful of American 
minerals. Some of the French authors still distinguish 
the zincite, erroneously, as Brucite. He also published 
a valuable paper " on the ores of titanium occurring 
within the United States." Dr. Bruce collected a valu- 
able mineralogical cabinet. He died early (in 1818), in 
his 41st year. A fine engraved portrait of Dr. Bruce 
is preserved in the first volume of Silliman's Journal. 

W. Langstaff, M.D., New York. — Dr. Langstaff, 
when the assistant of Dr. Archibald Bruce, in 181 1, 
made the first American analysis of chondrodite (then 
called Brucite). Indeed we may say this was the first 
mineral analysis of any difficulty (if we except the 
analysis of the Weston meteor by Prof. Silliman in 
1807-8) made in this country. Berzelius had failed to 
detect the presence of fluorine as a factor in this species 
in his analysis of the variety from Finland. Dr. Lang- 
staff's analysis of the Sparta mineral first detected the 
fluorine, and his analysis gives very nearly the correct 
constitution of the species {Dana. Mm., 1868. p. 364-65). 
This fact entitles Dr. Langstaff to honorable mention 
among American chemists, although I have failed to 
detect any other example of his work. 

Joseph Cloud, Assay Master in the IT. S. Mint at 
Philadelphia, made, in 1807, an interesting research 
upon a native alloy of palladium and gold from Rio des 
Mortes, in Brazil. This metal had not before been 
found combined with gold, and all knowledge of it was 
confined to Dr. Wollaston's researches in 1 802-1 805 on 
its alloy with platinum. Mr. Cloud's paper on the 
Brazilian alloy of palladium was read before the Ameri- 
can Philosophical Society, June 23, 1809, anc ^ is printed 
in the sixth volume of their Transactions, p. 497. This 
appears to be the earliest research of the kind made in 
this country. Mr. Cloud followed up the subject by an 
investigation into the platinum metals, and it is said 
(Bruce's Journ., p. 43) that he obtained rhodium of 
remarkable purity, but his paper, if printed, has escaped 
my search. 

William James Macxevix, M.D. — Dr. Macnevin was 
made Professor of Chemistry in the College of Phy- 
sicians and Surgeons in New York in 181 1. He was 
educated in Germany, receiving the degree of M.D. 
in Vienna in 1783, at the age of twenty years. There 



38 

is a romantic interest connected with the political side 
of his career as one of the Irish patriots associated with 
Emmet, Fitzgerald, Tone, etc., with which we now have 
no concern. In 1826, he was one of the associates with 
Dr. Francis, Dr. John Griscom, and others in founding 
the Rutgers Medical College, and taught Materia Medica 
in addition to Chemistry. Dr. Macnevin published " An 
Exposition of the Atomic Theory," which was favor- 
ably received both in this country and in Europe. Be- 
sides editing an edition of Brande's Chemistry, he was 
also coeditor of the New York Medical and Philoso- 
phical Journal. His scientific papers, so far as recorded, 
are : — 

Decomposition of Potash. Am. Med. and Phil. 
Joum., ii. 204-208, 181 1. 

Chemical Examination of the Waters of Schooley's 
Mountain. N. Y. Lit. and Phil. Trans., i. 540-557, 
1815. 

Analyse Eines Krystallisirter Dolomit aus Nord 
Amerika. Schiveigg, Joum., xxx. 89-94, 1820. 

Exposition of the Atomic Theory of Chemistry and 
the Doctrine of Definite Proportions. Thomson, Ann. 
Phil, xvi. 1820. 

Chemische Unterschungen iiber eine "neue art Baryt, 
den Schoharit. Schiveigg. Joum., xxxii. He died July 
12, 1 841, aged 78 years. 

John Gorham, M.D. — Prof. Gorham was the Erving 
Professor of Chemistry at Harvard University from 
1816 to his death in 1827. His one great and lasting 
contribution to our science was his systematic treatise, 
published in 18 19, in two volumes, 8vo., embracing 
about eleven hundred pages, under the title of " The 
Elements of Chemical Science." This work bears 
ample testimony that the author was a man of ability 
and thoroughly familiar with his science. His ". intro- 
duction" is an essay which every chemist to-day can 
read with pleasure and admire for its truly wide philo- 
sophic spirit as well as for its chaste and beautiful style. 
The whole treatise is, for the time, an admirable per- 
formance, and fully justifies the opinion then expressed 
of it by Prof. Silliman in his notice of the work (Silli- 
man's Journal, 1822), that " this work is not surpassed 
by any one with which we are acquainted, as a perspicu- 
ous, chaste, and philosophical treatise." Dr. Gorham 
had been the fellow-student of Prof. Silliman under Dr. 
Hope in Edinburgh, in 1804-5. 

Dr. Gorham's " Elements " was the first systematic 
treatise on the science of chemistry by an American 



39 

author, and deservedly secures honorable mention to his 
name. His chemical papers appear to have been few. 
"An Analysis of Heavy Spar from Hatfield" (18 15) ; 
" Contributions to Chemistry, No. 1 ;" " Indigogene" {N. 
E. Journ. Med., vi. 181 7); " Chemical Examination of 
Sugar, supposed Intentionally Poisoned" ( Thomson's 
Am. Phil., 181 7, x. 197); "Chemical Analysis of In- 
dian Corn" (X. E. Journ. Med., ix. 1820; TillocKs 
Mag., \xii. .1821, 311); and "Examination of Calculi 
from the Sublingual Gland" (N. E. Journ. Med., ix. 
1826), are all I find mention of. 

One of his pupils, whose own professional eminence 
gives weight to his words, in a private communication 
to the speaker, under date of July 27, 1874, says: "Dr. 
Gorham, who succeeded Dexter in the Chemical Chair 
(at Harvard), was an accomplished teacher, and ex- 
ceedingly popular with all the students. The excellent 
treatise, to which you allude, was written for our bene- 
fit, and considered by us all as the sure guide to all the 
arcana of science, and the book of books, which no future 
discoveries could ever suffer to be laid upon the shelf 
as a thing of the past." 

" Dr. Gorham died young, for the interests of science 
and the love of his professional brethren, who followed 
him as true mourners to an early grave." 

Parker Cleavelaxd. — From 1803 until his death 
Prof. Cleaveland devoted his life with remarkable 
singleness of purpose and exclusive assiduity to the 
duties of his professorship at Bowdoin College, Maine. 
He at first did all the work there in mathematics, 
natural philosophy, chemistry, and mineralogy. He 
was relieved of mathematics by another colleague after 
some years. His name is inseparable from the early 
history of American science. Although a good chemist, 
and during his long life its successful teacher at Bow- 
doin, his fame rests chiefly and securely on his " Ele- 
mentary Treatise on Mineralogy," which first appeared 
in 1 8 16, and in a second revised edition in 1822. The 
Edinburgh Review for September, 18 18, at a time 
when they were not much given to praising American 
books, said of Prof. Cleaveland's " Mineralogy," " that 
it would be found to be the most useful work on miner- 
alogy in our language," and advises its republication in 
Great Britain. 

There can be no doubt that the timely appearance of 
Cleaveland's "Mineralogy" did very much to stimulate 
scientific progress in the United States, and it was cer- 



40 

tainly, at the date of its issue, the most important con- 
tribution made to American scientific literature. A 
careful review of it by Prof. Silliman in 1818, will be 
found in the first volume of the American Journal of 
Science. 

James Fkeeman Dana. — The recognition of chemis- 
try as an element of academic instruction at Dartmouth 
College in 1820, was signalized by the election of Dr. 
Dana as their first professor. He had been the assistant 
of Dr. Gorham at Harvard, where he graduated in 
181 3. He developed such ability in chemical studies, 
that in 181 5, while yet in his novitiate under Dr. Gor- 
ham, he was selected by the university to visit London, 
and procure for the chemical department at Harvard a 
new ontfit of apparatus, which commission he executed 
to the complete satisfaction of the authorities. While 
in London he prosecuted his studies in practical chem- 
istry in the laboratory of Accum, who also had been 
the instructor of Prof. Silliman in 1804-5, and who had 
at that time the only laboratory in London open to 
students. On his return to Cambridge he executed the 
needful repairs and alterations in the laboratory pre- 
paratory to receiving the new apparatus, and was 
almost immediately appointed assistant to the professor 
of chemistry. 

In the autumn of 181 7 he was appointed Lecturer on 
Chemistry at Dartmouth College, and in 1820 Professor 
of Chemistry and Mineralogy in the same institution. 
While yet a student at Cambridge, he received the 
award of the Boylston prize for a dissertation on the 
" Tests for Arsenic," and while on his voyage home from 
Europe he wrote a second dissertation on the "Compo- 
sition of Oxymuriatic Acid," for which the Boylston 
premium was again assigned him in 1 8 1 7. In all re- 
spects Dr. Dana was a man of superior qualities, and 
his brief career, cut short by an untimely death at 
thirty-three years, is marked by contributions to science 
of no ordinary merit. His most important original 
work was his " Epitome of Chemical Philosophy," Con- 
cord, New Hampshire, 1825, pp. 221. This treatise, in 
which he develops the philosophy of the science as it 
then existed, is an extended syllabus of the lectures de- 
livered by Dr. Dana at Dartmouth College, and is alto- 
gether a creditable performance. He was an accom- 
plished experimenter, skilful in devising apparatus and 
methods, and an eloquent, perspicuous lecturer. 

He contributed original memoirs on a variety of sub- 
jects ; for example : — 



4i 

In 1 8 19. On a New Form of Electrical Battery 
(which is a mode of iEpinus's condenser). 

1819. " Chemical Examination of the Berries of My- 
rica Cerifera, or Wax Myrtle." He presents a proxi- 
mate analysis of the berry. 

1819. On the Effect of Vapor on Flame. This short 
paper has great significance, and the line of research it 
indicates has never yet been fully worked up. 

1820. On the Existence of Cantharidin in the Lytta 
Ytttatce, or Potato Fly. 

1822. "Chemical Examination of some Morbid Ani- 
mal Products." In this paper Dr. Dana gives the re- 
sults of his examination of a collection of urinary and 
other calculi in the Anatomical Museum of Harvard 
College. He detects the error of Brande in mistaking 
uric acid for muriatic acid in calculi, and shows his 
sagacity as an analyst by other evidence. 

1823. Miscellaneous Notices : 1. Connection of Elec- 
tricity, Heat, and Magnetism. 2. Preparation of 
Euchlorin Gas. 3. Concretion from the Tonsil. 

1823. " Galvano-Magnetic Apparatus." This is a 
neat form of floating spiral, like Ritchie's, which was 
'then unknown. 

1824. " On the Theory of the Action of Nitrous Gas 
in Eudiometry." A creditable paper. 

1824. " Ignition of Platinum," by Vapor of Ether on 
Warm Platinum Sponge. "New Locality of Cobalt." 
This was the " Danaite" or cobaltine of Fredonia, N. 
H., first noticed by Dr. Dana. Mr. Patten's Air- 
Pump. All the above in Silliman's Journal. 

1827. Some Experiments on the Root of Sanguin- 
aria Canadensis (N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist., ii. 1828, 
225). Dr. Dana discovered the alkaloid which he called 
sanguinarine, in the roots of this plant. Dr. A. A. 
Hayes, then assistant to Dr. Dana, had previously called 
the attention of his instructor to this plant. See Silli- 
man's Elements of Chemistry, ii. 1831, pp. 503-505, 
for a statement of the case by Hayes. Dr. James 
Schiel, of St. Louis, has subsequently demonstrated the 
identity of sanguinarin with chelerythrine (Sill. Journ. 
[2], xx. 220, 1855. See Gmelin's Hand-Book, xvii. 
156). 

Samuel Luthur Daxa, M.D., born 1795, died J 868. 
— Dr. Dana, of Lowell, was for fifty years the acknow- 
ledged authority in the United States as a technical 
chemist. After completing his medical studies in 1 818, he 
soon devoted himself exclusively to manufacturing and 



42 

technical chemistry, holding the position of chemist to 
the Merrimac print works in Lowell, Mass., from 1833 
to the time of his death, thirty-five years. He is the 
inventor of what is known as the " American System" 
of bleaching, which he made known in 1838, in the 
Bulletin of the Soci6te Industrielle de Mulhouse. By 
his researches upon the action of cow dung as a mordant, 
he discovered that this and similar manures acted by 
virtue of the phosphate of sodium they contain, and led 
to the use of dung substitutes, independently by Dana 
in the United States, and by Mercer in England. These 
researches upon cow dung also led him to investigate 
the nature of manures in general, of mould and muck, 
and finally to write his well-known book called "A 
Muck Manual for Farmers" and an essay on manures 
which received the prize of the Massachusetts Society 
for Promoting Agriculture. Dr. Dana, in point of time, 
originality, and ability, stood deservedly first among 
scientific writers on agriculture in the United States. 

Dr. Dana published a translation of " Tanquerel on 
Lead Diseases" (translated chiefly by his daughters), 
his attention having been drawn to the importance of 
the subject by his researches upon the action of the 
waters of Lowell upon lead, undertaken by him at the 
request of the government of that city.' 

Dr. Dana was a man of a retiring, modest disposition, 
and he published but little, although the ample stores 
of his knowledge were always open to those who sought 
his advice. 

John Griscom. — Dr. Griscom was one of the earliest 
teachers of chemistry in the United States, commencing 
as a private lecturer in 1806, in New York. Dr. Francis, 
who was subsequently his colleague in Rutgers Medical 
College, says, " for thirty years Dr. Griscom was the 
acknowledged head of all other teachers of chemistry 
among us" (in New York), "and he kept pace with the 
flood of light which Davy, Murray, Gay-Lussac, and 
Thenard and others shed on the progress of chemical 
philosophy at that day. His calm spirit, his deliberate 
and grave utterance, his exact diction, the simplicity of 
his manner, and his unostentatious life, were the charac- 
teristics which marked him." 

Dr. Griscom contributed for many years abstracts of 
chemical papers from the foreign journals to the Ameri- 
can Journal of Science, a service which he performed 
with habitual exactness. But I do not find record of 
any original researches by Dr. Griscom, whose activities 



43 

were consumed chiefly in the duties of instruction, and 
in various philanthropic labors, to which he devoted 
himself with much zeal and success. 

Prof. Silliman maintained a lifelong correspondence 
with Dr. Griscom, and in one of his letters written 
January 15th, 1850, says, in allusion to Dr. Griscom's 
contributions to the American Journal of Science, 
" but nothing in the miscellaneous department can ever 
rival those rich contributions which you made with so 
much punctuality and judicious selection." 

Thomas Cooper. — Dr. Cooper was among the early 
workers in chemistry in this country. He was a volu- 
minous writer on a variety of subjects, political, ethical, 
economical, philosophical, and chemical. He filled the 
chemical chair at Dickinson College, in Carlisle, Penn- 
sylvania, from 181 1 to 1 8 14, and after this at Columbia, 
South Carolina, from 18 19 to 1834, where he became 
President of the University. 

Dr. Cooper, in 181 1, published in Bruce's Journal, 
pp. 134-139, an " Account of the Decomposition of Pot- 
ash and Production of Potassium by Heat," accompa- 
nied by a plate, showing the apparatus he used. This 
was done in Priestley's laboratory, at Northumberland, 
and is the first account we have of the production of po- 
tassium in this country by the furnace process. In 18 18 
Dr. Cooper edited in Philadelphia an edition of Thomas 
Thomson's System of Chemistry, in 4 vols. 8vo. ; and in 
the same year he published a work on Medical Juris- 
prudence. He had learned in France the secret of 
making chlorine from common salt, and attempted to 
turn bleacher and calico printer at Manchester, but was 
not successful. His radical politics led him to follow 
his friend Priestley to America, and he took up his 
residence at Northumberland as a lawyer, prior to as- 
suming the duties of the chemical chair at Carlisle. He 
was a free-thinking materialist, and commonly accred- 
ited an unbeliever. He died May nth, 1840, aged 81 
years. 

Thomas G. Clemson, of Pennsylvania, was one of the 
small number of Americans educated at the School of 
Mines in Paris. He is the author of some mineral analy- 
ses, and proposed the name seyoertite for the so-called 
bronzite, or clintonite of Amity, which he carefully 
analyzed, and both the name and analysis stand good 
to-day. Mr. Clemson was, I believe, the first to an-"* 
nounce the discovery of the diamond in North Carolina, 
where he resided from an early period after his return 



44 

from Europe. If he made later researches, I have failed 
to find the record of them. 

Dr. John Redman Coxe, who in 1809 succeeded Dr. 
Woodhouse in the medical department of the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania, has left us some records of his 
original researches. We may mention especially his 
paper in Thomson's Annals of Philosophy, in 1816, on 
a Plan for Electric Telegraphy, which long antedates 
any other American suggestion on this subject since 
the days of Franklin. Dr. Coxe also wrote on Phos- 
phorus (Thomson's Ann. Phil., 1813, i. 68); Obser- 
vations on Crystallization (Ibid., 181 5, vi. 101-106) ; 
On Lead Pipes (Ibid., 1816, viii. 237) ; Preparation of 
Phosphuret of Lime (Journal Royal Instit., i. 1831, 
172). 

William Charles Wells, M.D., F.R.S., the author 
of the " Essay on Dew," crowned by the Royal Society 
of London, in 18 14, with the Rumford medal, was an 
American, born in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1747. 
Few physical investigations can be found on the fair 
pages of science, undertaken in a purer spirit of re- 
search for truth's sake than those which this lonely, 
austere, and abstemious man carried out in his garden 
in Surrey, in 1812. His apparatus was of the simplest. 
With a few small thermometers, some plates of different 
kinds of metal, a few watch glasses, and small pledgets 
of swan's down and wool, on the greensward of his little 
garden in Surrey, during the livelong nights, w r ith the 
silent stars his only companions, did this philosopher 
meekly and reverently enter the great temple of nature, 
an earnest seeker of her secrets — a humble worshipper 
at her shrine. There he evolved, by patient inductive 
research, those laws now seemingly so self-evident, 
which, from the days of Aristotle, had eluded the grasp 
of previous observers. " Few and simple as were the 
means with which Dr. Wells conducted his researches, 
his experiments were so various, so direct, and so con- 
clusive — so sagaciously devised and so admirably exe- 
cuted — that the whole philosophy and economy of the 
subject which he studied were completely settled."* 
The simplicity of his recital of his experiences, in his 
life, is worthy of his earnest devotion to his work while 
suffering under the distressing disease which in a few 
years terminated his hard and checkered career. 

There is a chastened intellectual joy which flows into 

* From an eloquent tribute to the life and character of Dr. Wells, 
by Dr. Elisha Bartlett, 1849. 



45 

the soul, from the contemplation of any ideally perfect 
work of research like this, which has stood the test of 
time, and stands now, as it were, a life for a life. It 
seems like the sea-shell softly to murmur of its parent- 
age, and, as Landor says of the shell — 

"Pleased, it remembers its angust abodes, 
And murmurs as the ocean murmurs there." 

[Professor Tyndall, in his late address, August 19, 
1874, at Belfast, which comes to hand as this is passing 
the press, says : "In 18 13 Dr. Wells, the founder of our 
present theory of dew, read before the Royal Society a 
paper in which, to use the words of Mr. Darwin, ' he dis- 
tinctly recognizes the principle of natural selection ; and 
this is the first recognition that has been indicated.' The 
thoroughness and skill with which Dr. Wells pursued 
his work, and the obvious independence of his charac- 
ter, rendered him long ago a favorite with me ; and it 
gave me the liveliest pleasure to alight upon this addi- 
tional testimony to his penetration."] 

James Cutbush was the Professor of Chemistry at 
the U. S. Military Academy at West Point, and pre- 
viously at St. John's College, Maryland. His paper 
" On the Formation of Cyanogen in some Chemical 
Processes not before noticed" (Sill. Joum.. 1822, vol. 
vi. pp. 149-155) describes the production of cyanogen 
from the action of nitric acid upon charcoal. He pub- 
lished an elaborate essay "On the Composition and 
Properties of the Chinese Fire and the so-called Bril- 
liant Fires" in the seventh volume of the Am. Joum. of 
Sci., pp. 1 18-140, with numerous pyrotechnic formulae ; 
and another article in the previous volume (vi. 302), " On 
the Composition and Properties of Greek Fire," which 
is full of curious learning. In the Memoirs of the Co- 
lumbian Chemical Society of Philadelphia, of which so- 
ciety Dr. Cutbush was the president, is a short paper 
by him " On the Oxyacetate of Iron as a Test or Re- 
agent for the discovery of Arsenic" (1812). 

Julius T. Ducatel. — Dr. Ducatel, of Baltimore (born 
June 6th, 1796, died September 23d, 1849), was the 
Professor of Chemistry in the University of Maryland, 
and in 1830 was elected, on the death of Dr. De Butts, 
to the chemical chair in the medical department of the 
same university. Dr. Ducatel enjoyed the repute of 
being an accomplished and successful teacher and lec- 
turer on his science. He had enjoyed in Paris the 
teachings of Brougniart, Brochant, and GTay-Lussac, 
with whom he ever maintained a correspondence. His 



4 6 

only chemical contribution of which record is preserved, 
was his " Manual of Toxicology." 

Lardner Yanuxem. — One of a small number of 
Americans who early enjoyed the advantages of a sci- 
entific training at the School of Mines in Paris, and 
the associate of Brougniart, Hauy, and other distin- 
guished men, Yanuxem early contributed important 
chemical and physical memoirs upon American miner- 
alogy, often in company with his friend Keating. These 
papers are mostly to be found in the Proceedings of 
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 
His analyses of phosphate of iron from New Jersey ; 
of tabular spar from Willsborough ; of jeffersonite ; of 
zircon, from Buncombe, North Carolina; of marmolite, 
and other serpentines, are not merely good analyses, but 
show their author to have had a thorough scientific 
training. The paper on the " Mineralogy of Sussex 
County, New Jersey," in connection with Keating (1822) 
is an admirably prepared memoir. Prof. Yanuxem was 
for a time in charge of the chemical instruction in the 
University of South Carolina, at Columbia, South Caro- 
lina, under Dr. Thomas Cooper's presidency. He later 
had charge of one of the divisions of the New York 
State geological survey, one volume of the final reports 
being devoted to the record of his labors. He was de- 
servedly held in the highest esteem for his earnest sim- 
plicity and steady integrity of character. He died in 
1848. 

The University of Yirginia has been fortunate in 
its chemical professors. Dr. J. P. Emmett was the 
first, from 1825, until his death in 1842. He was suc- 
ceeded by Prof. Eobert E. Rogers, who filled the chair 
until 1852, when it fell to Dr. J. Lawrence Smith, who 
was followed by Dr. S. Maupin, and he again by the 
present incumbent, Prof. J. W. Mallet. 

John Patton Emmet, M.D. — Dr. Emmet was the 
Professor of Chemistry from 1824, until his death in 
1842, at the University of Yirginia. He contributed 
important memoirs upon both chemistry and physics. 
His papers " On Iodide of Potassium as a Test for 
Arsenic," " Upon the Solvent and Oxidating Powers 
of Ammoniacal Salts," '-Bromine and Iodine in Ka- 
nawha Salts," " On Formic Acid," and "On the Solidi- 
fication of Raw Gypsum," were all published in the 
American Journal of Science, where also he was a 
frequent contributor of papers on electro-magnetism 
and magneto-electricity, which showed originality and 



47 

research. His method of evolving sparks and shocks 
from the common magnet was ingenious and original, 
and among the very earliest observations in magneto- 
electricity. I learn from Dr. J. Lawrence Smith that 
Dr. Emmet left valuable and extended notes of original 
experiments on light and other subjects, which have 
not yet been published. 

Johx Torrey, of New York, for more than half a 
century deservedly esteemed for his exact attainment 
in science, and for every virtue, although one of the 
best read chemists and most successful chemical in- 
structors in the United States, has left few records of 
his work to which reference can be made. He filled 
successively the Chemical Chairs at West Point ; 
in the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New 
York; and at Nassau Hall, in Princeton; and for 
many years was at the head of the chemical depart- 
ment of the United States Assay Office in New York. 
His most important contributions to science were in 
the department of mineralogy and botany. His name 
is inseparably connected with the development of the 
North American flora. His fine botanical collections 
are now, by his gift, the property of Columbia College 
in New York, of which institution he was for many 
years a trustee. 

Dr. Torrey in 1819 discovered that the remarkable 
fungus found underground in Virginia and elsewhere, 
and known as tuckahoe, or Indian-bread (sclerotium 
gigantium), was composed entirely of a new principle, 
not before described, and which he called sclerotin. 
Dr. Torrey's original paper on this subject was read 
before the New York Lyceum of Natural History in 
1 8 19, and was published in the New York Medical 
Repository for December, 1820. In 1827, after the 
publication of Braconnot's paper on Pectic Acid (in 
1824, Ann. de Ch. Pliys., 28, 173; 30, 96). Dr. 
Torrey republished his earlier paper, with some addi- 
tions in the New York Medical and Physical Journal 
(vi. No. 4), and showed the identity of the two sub- 
stances. See Sillima7i's Journal, 2, xxvii. 439, for 
further remarks on pectic acid, and Dr. Torrey's origi- 
nal discovery of it. 

Sketches of the scientific labors and services of Dr. 
Torrey will be found also in vol. v. American Journal 
of Science, 1873, PP- 3 2 4 and 411. 

Dr. Torrey published in the New York Lyceum of 
Natural History : — 

1824. On Yenite in the United States, p. 51, vol. i. 



4 8 

1824. Account of the Columbite of Haddam, i. pp. 
89-93- 

1836. Notes on American Minerals, vol. iii. p. 86. 

1825. Yauquelinite in the United States. 

1848. Yauquelinite in the United States, vol.iv. pp. 
76-79. 

In the American Journal of Science and Arts: — 

1818. On Staurotide, vol. i. p. 435. 

1820. On Siderographite, vol. ii. p. 176. 

1822. On an ore of Zinc at Ancram, vol. v. 235. 

1825. On West Point Minerals, vol. ix. p. 402. 

1839. On the Condensation of Carbonic, Sulphurous, 
and Chlorochromic Acid Gases, vols. xxxv. 374 and 
xxxvi. 394. 

Samuel Guthrie, M.D. — Dr. Guthrie, of Sackett's 
Harbor, New York, deserves honorable mention as one 
of the earliest laborers in practical chemistry in this 
country. He was an original discoverer of chloroform, 
quite independently of the contemporaneous researches 
of Soubeiran, Liebig, and Dumas — made at the same 
time, but completely unknown to Guthrie. I have 
elsewhere recited the main facts of this curious piece of 
chemical history, and may be permitted to quote it 
here.* 

" So early as 1796, an association of four Dutch chem- 
ists, who had already discovered the rich hydrocarbon 
gas, long known as heavy carburetted hydrogen gas, or 
olefiant gas, and now called ethylene or hydrogen-di- 
carbide (C 2 H 4 ), studied the effects produced from 
mingling this hydrocarbon with an equal volume of 
chlorine gas over water. They saw that the volume of 
the mixed gases rapidly diminished, with a notable ele- 
vation of temperature and the appearance of a dense 
oily-looking liquid, collecting on the sides of the bell- 
jar and the surface of the water, and quickly sinking to 
the bottom. Collecting this oily liquid and washing it 
clean of adhering chlorine, in alkaline water, and in pure 
water, it was found to be a new substance of a highly 
agreeable ethereal odor, and distinctly sweetish aromatic 
taste, neutral to tests, and nearly insoluble in water, to 
which, however, it imparted its taste and odor, but quite 
soluble in ether and alcohol. It was wholly unaffected 
by concentrated sulphuric acid even with the aid of heat. 
For many years its real constitution remained unknown, 
and it was shown only as one of the curiosities of the 

* " A Century of Medicine and Chemistry :" A Lecture Introduc- 
tory to the Course of Lectures to the Medical Class in Yale College, 
1871. 



49 

chemist's laboratory, under the name of ' Oil of the 
Dutch Chemists ;' the name olefiant gas having had its 
origin from the oil-producing property, which this gas 
developed in its action with chlorine. Analysis has 
long since shown that this chlorine compound of the 
Dutch chemists is a simple union of one molecule of 
ethylene with two of chlorine, and that it may properly 
be called the chloride of olefiant gas. I have been the 
more particular in noticing the discovery of this remark- 
able substance because it has acquired considerable no- 
toriety from the fact that it was early and most natu- 
rally confounded with chloroform, to which, in sensible 
and physiological properties, it bears a remarkable re- 
semblance. It was long known as ' Chloric Ether,' a 
name which conveys a false meaning, since there is 
nothing in the chemical constitution of the body which 
in the least resembles the ethers. 

"In 1831 appeared the second volume of ' Silliman's 
Elements of Chemistry,' in the order of the lectures then 
given in Yale College, in which the Dutch liquid was 
spoken of in its physiological relations, with the remark 
that, ' Its medical powers have not been ascertained, 
but from its constitution and properties it is highly pro- 
bable it would be an active diffusive stimulant.' 

" This remark immediately attracted the attention of 
Dr. Samuel Guthrie, of Sackett's Harbor, New York, 
a man of an active and original mind, much devoted to 
practical chemistry, who at once conceived that he 
might obtain the so-called ' chloric ether' in greater 
abundance and at a cheaper cost by distilling together 
alcohol and chloride of lime (bleaching powder). His 
success was remarkable, and he obtained the alcoholic 
solution (of chloroform) in great abundance, describing 
his process in a short article in Silliman's Journal of 
Scierice for January, 1832; and subsequently, in July 
of the same year, he states with more detail the precau- 
tions he adopted to obtain the product pure, and espe- 
cially, free from alcohol. It is remarkable that in his 
second paper he describes in full the method of testing 
the purity of the substance by agitation with concen- 
trated sulphuric acid. There is no question that Dr. 
Guthrie was entirely original in his method of producing 
' chloric ether,' as it was then called, and it is no abate- 
ment of his sagacity that he was not aware that, earlier 
in the same year in which he described his process, a 
French chemist, Mr. Soubeiran, had devised and de- 
scribed the same method in a memoir entitled, ' Re- 
4 



5Q 

searches on some Combinations of Chlorine/ which 
appeared in the Ann. de Chemie et de Phys. for Feb. 

1831. Soubeiran calls the product 'a new ethereal 
liquid of a constitution unlike any before known to 
chemists,' and also gives us the name chloric ether 
[ether chlorique). The term 'chloric ether' had also 
been used by Dr. Thomson in 1820 to describe the oil 
of the Dutch Chemists. Soubeiran gave two analyses 
of this product, which, while they prove that the body 
is not the 'Dutch liquid,' failed to reveal its true con- 
stitution, which was first given by Dumas in 1834. in a 
memoir published by him in the same journal, and in 
this paper Dumas then gave to the new body the name 
by which it has ever after been known, chloroform. 

" Such, in brief, is the history of one of the most re- 
markable bodies ever discovered. You will understand 
that while the ' chloric ether' of Guthrie was a misno- 
mer, the substance which he produced was chloroform, 
and that the first use made of this agent in medical 
practice was at the suggestion of Prof. Silliman, to Dr. 
Eli Ives, formerly Professor of Theory and Practice in 
this college in 1832. Dr. Ives's note on his experience 
will be found in Silliman's Journal, vol. 21, for July, 

1832. The case in which he employed it was one of 
asthma in an aged person, who was relieved of a severe 
paroxysm by its use ' more suddenly than she had been 
in any previous illness of the kind.' Thus the thera- 
peutic history of chloroform had its commencement from 
the teachings and practice of the Yale Medical School." 

The question of absolute priority of the discovery of 
chloroform may give it to the French chemists Souber- 
aine, but a committee of the Medico-Chirurgical Society, 
of Edinburgh, have awarded to Dr. Guthrie the merit 
of having first published an account of its therapeutic 
effects as a diffusible stimulant in 1832. Chloroform is, 
therefore, fairly to be claimed as an American discovery. 
Guthrie also experimented with a boldness and intre- 
pidity amounting almost to rashness in the preparation 
of fulminating compounds, of which he manufactured 
large quantities, of various and original constitution, 
for commercial purposes. His papers on this subject in 
vol. xxi. (1832) of the American Journal of Science 
disclose his power as an originator of new methods in 
chemistry. This is true, also, of his process for the 
rapid conversion of potato-starch into sugar, printed in 
the same volume. 

Geoege T. Bowen, whose early death, in 1828, at. 
Nashville, where he had just assumed the duties of the"* 



5* 

chemical chair in the University of Nashville, deprived 
chemical science of a zealous votary. Such was his de- 
votion to chemistry that, while an undergraduate at 
Yale College, he was permitted, contrary to all prece- 
dent in those days, to devote all the time he could 
spare from his other studies to laboratory work, under 
the instruction of Prof. Silliman. Here he made origi- 
nal observations (1822) "On the Electro-magnetic Ef- 
fects of Hare's Calorimeter," and " On a Mode of Pre- 
serving in a Permanent Form the Coloring Matter of 
the Purple Cabbage as a Test for Acids and Alkalies." 
He has left us analyses and descriptions of several min- 
erals, e. g., of the scheelite of Lane's mine ; of Silliman- 
ite, which he proposed as a new species ; of the silicate 
of copper from New Jersey ; of a variety of serpentine 
which he called nephrite, from Smithfield, Rhode 
Island ; and of pyroxene-sahlite from near New Haven. 
All this he did chiefly before 1822, and prior to commenc- 
ing his medical studies in Philadelphia, where also he 
was a devoted follower of the meetings of the Academy 
of Natural Sciences, contributing to their memoirs 
and discussions. Dr. Bowen was born at Providence, 
Rhode Island, March 19th, 1803, graduated at Yale 
College in 1822, was elected Professor of Chemistry at 
Nashville in 1825, where he died October 25th, 1828, 
in the 26th year of his age. 

Dr. Gerard Troost succeeded Dr. Bowen in the 
chemical chair of Nashville University in 1828, where he 
served as Professor of Chemistry, Geology, and Miner- 
alogy until his death in 1850. Dr. Troost was a native 
of Bois le Due, in Holland (born March 15th, 1776). 
He was educated at Amsterdam and Leyden, studying 
medicine and chemistry. Having great skill in crys- 
tallography, he was in 1807 sent to Paris by Louis 
Bonaparte, to pursue his favorite studies under the 
renowned French mineralogist Abbe Haiiy. In 1810 
he came to America and settled at Philadelphia, where 
he was one of the founders, and the first President of 
the Academy of Natural Sciences. He was a constant 
contributor to the early volumes of the Transactions of 
the Academy. His papers were chiefly mineralogical, 
and especially crystallographical. His paper on Pyrox- 
ene, in the Annals of the Maclurean Lyceum, is a 
valuable contribution. 

In 1 8 14 Dr. Troost established works for the produc- 
tion of alum at Cape Sable, Maryland, which was one 
of the earliest chemical industries in this country, and, 
if I mistake not, the first manufactory of alum. 



52 

To his well-directed zeal and industry science owes 
much for its progress west of the Alleghanies. He 
instituted the geological survey of Tennessee, and for 
eighteen years was the geologist of that State, carrying 
on his work of exploration under many discouragements, 
and almost unrequited, until his death on the 14th of 
August, 1850. 

He added largely to our knowledge of meteoric 
bodies, having been fortunate in collecting a great num- 
ber of both stony and iron masses, fallen or found in his 
immediate vicinity, and the chemical and physical his- 
tory of which he accurately studied. His memoirs on 
these bodies will be found in the Amer. Journ. of Sci. 
With surprising industry and success, considering his 
remote and comparatively isolated situation, he amassed 
one of the most valuable collection of minerals and 
fossils ever formed in the United States, sparing neither 
labor nor expense to this end. Fortunately his collec- 
tion escaped unharmed the ravages of war, thanks to 
the timely care and skill of one of Dr. Troost's sons, and 
of Dr. J. B. Lindsley, President of Nashville University, 
although his valuable scientific library was scattered and 
destroyed. The catalogue of Dr. Troost's mineral collec- 
tions forms two stout manuscript volumes, written in 
the clear hand of the author, and describes 13,582 num- 
bered and ticketed specimens, with their crystallo- 
graphic and physical characters carefully distinguished. 
This collection, together with the fossils (which are also 
very valuable), has lately been secured to the Public 
Library of Louisville, Kentucky, chiefly by the exer- 
tions of Dr. J. Lawrence Smith, at a cost of $20,000. 
This collection is especially rich in crystallized speci- 
mens and varied forms, to the study of which Dr. Troost 
devoted special attention. The catalogue, we are in- 
formed, is to be printed in detail. A sketch of the life 
of Dr. Troost, by Dr. Philip Lindsley, will be found in 
vol. i. p. 539 of the works of the latter. 

Denison Olmsted. — Although Prof. Olmsted's fame 
rests upon his astronomical and more especially upon 
his meteorological studies, and his discussion of the 
great meteoric shower of 1833, yet we remember with 
satisfaction that he was also a chemist. From 181 7 to 
1825 he filled the chair of chemistry in the University 
of North Carolina, where he signalized his term of duty 
by inaugurating and carrying forward, gratuitously, the 
first attempt ever made in the United States toward a 
geological survey of a State. His report, in two parts, 



53 

appeared in 1824 and 1825, filling only about 140 
octavo pages. He also read before the Connecticut 
Academy, in 1826, after his transfer to the physical 
chair at Yale College, a " Memoir on the State of 
Chemical Science," which maybe read now with curious 
interest, as a record of the then existing state of philo- 
sophical opinion in our science. It may be found in 
the Xlth and Xllth volumes of Silliman's Journal. 
It is noteworthy that no similar attempt has since been 
made by any American chemist, until Dr. Gibbs's Re- 
port on the Recent Progress of Organic Chemistry 
[Proceed. Amer. Ass., ix. pp. 37-61, 1855). 

Considering the rudimentary state of geology and its 
associate sciences in 1821, Prof. Olmsted's labors as the 
pioneer in this department of exploration must ever be 
considered as eminently honorable to his scientific grasp 
and ability. 

Dexison Olmsted, Jr. — This promising chemist, son 
of the former, died at the early age of twenty-two years, 
in 1846. He had been for two or three years before an 
assiduous student in the laboratory of Yale College, 
where the writer had the happiness to count him as one 
of the earliest of his pupils in the incipiency of the 
" Yale Scientific School." His analytical work during 
that period will be found on record. For a year before 
his death he held the post of chemist to the geological 
survey of Vermont, and he was honored shortly before 
his death by an appointment to a similar situation in 
Canada, to which our distinguished colleague Dr. Hunt, 
also taken from the Yale Analytical Laboratory, suc- 
ceeded. His mineralogical cabinet, gathered by him- 
self, now forms the nucleus of the collection in Beloit 
College. 

W. W. Mather. — Prof. Mather, who died, acting 
President of the University of Ohio, at Columbus, is 
better known to this generation as the author of the 
Report on the First District, in the Geological Survey 
of New York (1843), than as a chemist. But, if we 
turn to the 27th volume of the American Journal 
of Science for 1835, PP- 241-267, we shall find an 
elaborate memoir entitled " Contributions to Chemical 
Science by W. W. Mather, Assist. Prof, of Chemistry 
at the U. S. Military Academy, West Point." 

This memoir is upon — I. Chloride of Aluminium and 
its Analysis. II. Hydrated Chloride of Aluminium. 
III. Crystallized Tin from Solution. IY. Georgia 
Gold. Y. Silver of Lane's Mine. VI. Iodide of Po- 



54 

tassium and Platinum, or Iodo-platinate of Potassium. 
VII. Chloriodide of Platinum. VIII. Crystallized Per- 
chloride of Platinum. IX. Amalgam of Platinum. 
X. Iodide of Mercury. XI. Solubility of Bitungstate 
of Ammonia. XII. Disulphuret of Bismuth. 

An examination of this memoir will show that it is 
the work of a chemist of unusual ability. The author 
presents a great number of analyses by himself made 
with much care, and details all his processes. He gives 
a new determination for the atomic weight of aluminium, 
prompted to it by a discrepant statement in Berzelius 
( TraiU de Ch., ii. 373) by which the numbers represent- 
ing the composition of alumina are transposed. The 
whole paper is a creditable one, and up to its date 
was the most elaborate original research in inorganic 
chemistry which had been made by any American 
chemist, so far as I have seen. 

Prof. Mather also contributed papers " On the princi- 
ples involved in the reduction of iron and silver ores, 
with a suplementary notice of some of the principal silver 
mines of Mexico and South America" (Sill. Journ., 1, 
xxiv. 1 833, pp. 2 1 3-237). In this elaborate memoir the 
author discusses the chemistry of the Mexican silver 
processes, before that time almost completely unknown 
in this country. His paper contains a great amount of 
useful information. 

"On cupellation, an easy, an accurate, and new 
method" (Sill. Journ., 1, xxxv. 321, 1839). 

" On the crystalline form of iodine," with figures (Sill. 
Journ., 2, xviii. p. 35, 1830). 

Geokge C. Schaeffee. — Prof. Schaeffer, who died 
in 1873, at Washington, was long justly esteemed as 
one of the best read chemists of his time. He published 
but little, but the student of American chemistry will 
find in his papers " On perchromic acid ;" " On the 
manufacture of ice ;" his " New test for nitrates and 
nitrites," and " On the origin of nitrites," evidence of 
his original power. He adopted what are now the ac- 
cepted views in chemical philosophy long in advance of 
the great majority of chemists everywhere. 

Nor can we forget his " Chemical abstracts," which 
for several years he supplied to the American Journal 
of Science, during the first decade of its second series, 
Over the familiar initials of G. C. S. 

Prof. Schaeffer for a time filled the chair of chemistry 
in the College at Danville, Ky. But the duties of in- 
struction were less congenial to his tastes than the more 



55 

quiet pursuits of original study, and he soon retired 
to the librarianship of the U. S. Patent Office, where 
he was in his element, and where he remained until 
his death, always honored and esteemed as a man of 
varied and exact learning. 

All his memoirs here cited are to be found in the 
American Journal of Science and Arts. 

Lewis C. Beck. — Dr. Beck filled the chair of chem- 
istry in Rutgers College, New Jersey, and at the 
Albany Medical College. His industrious habits and 
great devotion to science enabled him amid the constant 
drag of routine duty to make important contributions 
to science, in botany, medicine, and chemistry. His most 
important work was his " Mineralogy of New York" 
(1842) forming one of the quarto volumes of the Reports 
on the Geological Survey of the State. In this work 
occur many chemical analyses of minerals, mineral 
waters, and the like, made by the author, as well as of 
hydraulic limestones and other economic products. He 
was also an early contributor to general chemistry, and 
published, in 1827, " General views on the formation of 
phosphuretted hydrogen ;" in 1828, " On the nature of 
bleaching and disinfecting compounds ;" " On the func- 
tions' of nitrogen in respiration ;" " On the commercial 
potashes of New York ;" " On wines and other fermented 
liquors ;" and " On adulterations of various substances 
used in medicine and the arts," etc. At the request of 
Prof. Henry, Dr. Beck commenced in 1848 a laborious 
series of " Researches on the breadstuffs of the United 
States," afterwards published as a report by the United 
States Patent Office, at Washington. 

He was a man of retiring habits, great modesty, and 
his personal character was such as to gain him numerous 
and attached friends. He died in April, 1853, in his 
fifty-fifth year. Dr. Beck was the author of "A Manual 
of Chemistry" (1831), which passed through four 
editions. 

J. TV. Bailey. — The untimely death of Prof. Bailey 
deprived American science of one of her most devoted 
and successful workers in the fulness of his powers. Prof. 
Bailey was a chemist who, in the discharge of the 
duties of the chemical chair in the United States 
Military Academy at TVest Point, New York, gave 
good evidence of his ability, both as a teacher and in- 
vestigator ; although his devotion to microscopical 
researches, with such eminent success, has almost led us 
to overlook his earlier contributions to our science. 



56 

Thus, for example, his tests for nitric acid, the double 
cyanide and iodide of mercury, and for sulphur by 
Playfair's nitro-prusside when used indirectly to detect 
sulphur in bodies like albumen, horn, hair, feathers, 
mustard-seed, etc. His paper " On the Common Blow- 
pipe," and his note on the curious effects of a current 
of air on the flame of lamps, are evidences of his tact 
and neatness in chemical manipulation. His papers on 
the non-existence of polarizing silica in the organic 
kingdoms, and especially his beautiful researches in 
1843 " On the crystals which occur spontaneously 
found in the tissues of plants" (Sill. Journ., 1, xlviii. 
pp. 17-32, with a plate, 1845) are & ue examples of 
micro-chemistry, and are characterized by a neatness 
which is found in all the work of this eminent and 
lamented investigator, and fully illustrated by his own 
pencil, which he held with great skill. A sketch of Prof. 
Bailey's life and scientific labors, by Dr. A. A. Gould, 
will be found in the American Journ. of Science, 2, 
xxv. p. 133, 1858. He died February 27, 1857, at 
the age of forty-six years 

Alexander Dallas Bache. — Few probably of the 
younger chemists of this day look upon the late re- 
nowned chief of the United States Coast Survey as a 
chemist. But his encyclopaedic knowledge embraced 
almost the entire circle of the sciences. He was chosen, 
only three years after his graduation at West Point, 
and when only twenty-two years of age, to the chair of 
Natural Philosophy and Chemistry in the University 
of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia, which he held for 
seven years. During this time he published several 
chemical and chemico-physical articles, as that " On 
the Specific Heat of the Atoms of Bodies," in which 
he maintained that the best data then known (1828) 
failed to support the doctrine that the specific heat of 
atoms is the same for all bodies ; and " On the Inflam- 
mation of Phosphorus in a Vacuum or Highly Karefied 
Medium," 1830, a research he never fully completed. 
In 1832 he published a translation in Silliman's 
Journal, of the "Essay on Chemical Nomenclature 
Prefixed to the Treatise on Chemistry; by J. J. Ber- 
zelius," in which, as is well known to all students of 
the literature of our science, the distinguished chemist 
of Stockholm proposed the terminology which is now, 
after more than fifty years, come fully into vogue. In 
his paper entitled " Bemarks on a Method proposed by 
Dr. Thomson for Determining the Proportions of Po- 



57 

tassa and Soda in a Mixture of the Two Alkalies, with 
the Application of a Similar Investigation to a Differ- 
ent Method of Analysis," he generalizes the special 
case given, and shows that the principle to which these 
results refer themselves may be used with great effect 
in avoiding a difficult step in chemical analysis, by the 
substitution of a less direct but more simple one, aided 
by easy calculations, and well deserving the attention 
of analytical chemists {Franklin Institute Journal, 
1836, xvii. pp. 3°5-3°9)- 

In molecular physics Prof. Bache's " Inquiry in 
Relation to the Alleged Influence of Color on the Ra- 
diation of Non-luminous Heat" (Silliman's Journal, 
1836, 1, xxx. pp. 16-28), has become classic. It is 
almost needless to say that he proved by it the fallacy 
of the notion, till then commonly received, that color 
did influence the radiation of non-luminous heat. It is 
plain, that, had he not been called to a wider field of 
usefulness in the administration of great public trusts 
for science at Girard College, and later and chiefly of 
the Coast Survey, he could easily have obtained great 
prominence in chemical research. 

Wm. J. Tayloe. — This chemist has left us a number 
of mineral analyses. He was a critical mineralogist and 
competent analyst. His most elaborate research was 
an extended memoir on Rock Guano, published in 1857 
(Proceedings of Academy of Natural Sciences, and 
Silliman's Journal, xxiv. No. 71, pp. 177-188), with 
numerous exhaustive analyses, and copious references 
to the literature of the w r hole subject. He has also 
published an " Examination of the Meteoric Iron from 
Xiquipilco, Mexico," with minute analyses (Silliman's 
Journal, 1856, xxii. p. 374, and Proceedings of the 
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, viii. No. 
3); and has described lecontite, a new mineral species, a 
double sulphate of ammonia and soda with potash, con- 
taining two equivalents of water, and yet homomorph- 
ous with the group of anhydrous sulphates. Mr. Taylor, 
besides publishing other mineralogical notes, has trans- 
lated Janoyer on the " Influence of Sulphur on Iron 
(Silliman's Journal, 2, xxiv. 330). We have to la- 
ment Mr. Taylor's early death. 

J. E. Teschemacher of Boston is well remembered as 
an acute and exact scientist, expert especially in ana- 
lytical chemistry and in the determination of mineral 
species, using the blowpipe with remarkable skill and 
facility. A full list of his scientific papers will be 



58 

found in the American Journal of Science, vol. xvii. 
p. 294, 1854, more than thirty in number, mineralogical, 
chemical, and chiefly botanical. Mr. Teschemacher was 
all his life engrossed in commercial affairs, and made 
science his recreation, doing more good work than some 
who have command of all their time for science. 

James Davenport Whelpley. — Dr. Whelpley con- 
tributed a remarkable paper to the philosophy of chem- 
istry in 1845, entitled "Idea of an Atom, suggested 
by the Phenomena of Weight and Temperature" (Silli- 
man' s Journal, 1, xlviii. 352-368). This paper em- 
bodies views entirely original with the author, but in 
which he was partly anticipated by Faraday's paper 
in 1844, on the "Nature of Matter" (Phil. Mag., 
February, 1844, p. 136). But Whelpley's paper an- 
ticipated the subsequent notions of Faraday as set 
forth in his "Thoughts on Ray Vibrations" (Phil. 
Mag., May, 1846). A review of these opinions show- 
ing the priority of Whelpley's statements will be found 
in Silliman' a Journal, 1846, 2, ii. 401. Dr. Whelp- 
ley is also the author of two remarkable " Letters 
on Philosophical Induction," and on " Philosophical 
Analogy," which discuss principles fundamental in sci- 
entific methods. 

John Pitkin Norton, Professor of Scientific Agri- 
culture in Yale College, was appointed to the place he 
filled so well in 1847. Cut off at the early age of thirty 
years he has yet left us the record of a well directed 
life, crowned with honorable distinction as an original 
investigator in chemistry. After spending two years 
in attending the lectures of Prof. Silliman, and in study 
and research in the analytical laboratory of B. Silliman, 
Jr., he went to Scotland, where, as the student of Prof. 
James F. W. Johnston, he won the prize of the High- 
land Society, of fifty guineas, for his comprehensive and 
able research upon the Oat; an investigation which 
led the way to the later researches of the same class in 
this country and in Europe. In Utrecht, under Mulder, 
he prosecuted his studies in agricultural and physio- 
logical chemistry, of which his memoir on the protein 
bodies of peas and almonds is in evidence. In 1847 he 
joined Prof. Silliman, Jr., as a colleague in the duties of 
the Analytical Laboratory of Yale College, which drew 
to its walls an increasing number of pupils, and soon 
developed into the " Yale Scientific School," now the 
" Sheffield Scientific School." Prof. Norton was an in- 
dustrious author and published during his term of duty 



59 

his "Elements of Scientific Agriculture," and edited 
with valuable notes and corrections, Stephen's ; ' Book 
of the Farm," in two volumes. He wrote a memoir on 
the potato disease, and was a constant contributor to 
the Albany Cultivator, in a series of letters written 
both from Europe and after his return. These letters 
were always remarkable for sound judgment, thorough 
accuracy and fulness, and the lively style in which they 
were written. 

Among the class of practical agriculturists and 
students who came up to attend Prof. Norton's first 
course of lectures on Scientific Agriculture, in January, 
1848, were several young men, then unknown to fame, 
upon two of whom his mantle fell, and is now borne in 
the persons of Prof. William H. Brewer, and Prof. 
Samuel TV. Johnson, of the Sheffield School, worthy 
successors in his own chosen field of study and author- 
ship. 

. In the winter of 1851-52, Prof. Norton entered with 
zeal into the plan of establishing at Albany a univer- 
sity in which agriculture and its connected sciences 
should receive the direct patronage of the State. In 
carrying out this effort he was compelled to travel twice 
in each week during the winter from New Haven to 
Albany and back, giving three lectures in each place. 
This exertion proved too much for his powerful frame, 
and developed the latent seeds of pulmonary disease, 
which cut him down just as he had fairly entered on the 
wide field of his usefulness, perfectly fitted for the work, 
and enjoying the entire confidence alike of the agricul- 
tural community and of men of science. He was a 
mau of noble generosity and the highest moral and 
scientific excellence. 

Evan Pugh, Ph.D., F.C.S.* — Few American teachers 
of chemical science have attained a nobler fame than 
Dr. Evan Pugh, late President of the Agricultural 
College of Pennsylvania. A blacksmith's apprentice 
at the age of nineteen, he bought out the residue of his 
time and supported himself by manual labor while he 
received a year's instruction at the seminary of Whites- 
town, N. Y. He had fallen heir to a small estate, in- 
cluding a small academy, or private school, at Oxford, 
Chester County, Pennsylvania, his native place ; and, 
removing thence, he conducted the school successfully 
for about two years. At this time Dr. Pugh manifested 
great interest in the educational reform which had lately 

* Tins notice of Dr. Pugh has been prepared by Mr. W. S. Waring. 



6o 

commenced in Pennsylvania, and the manner in which 
he discussed the various subjects which engrossed the 
attention of the educators of that time, showed that-he 
possessed in an eminent degree those logical and ana- 
lytical qualities of mind which are characteristic of truly 
scientific men. He was an ardent advocate of phonetic 
spelling, and had himself attained great proficiency in 
the use of phonetic short-hand, a method of writing 
which he continued to employ, on account of its labor- 
saving qualities, for making notes, etc., throughout his 
life. 

In 1853 he decided to sell his estate and academy, 
which had become under his management a flourishing 
institution, in order to obtain means by which he might 
secure for himself a European course of scientific instruc- 
tion. His friends protested vigorously against this step, 
but he was not to be deterred ; he went the same year 
to Europe and spent four years in the universities of 
Leipsic, Gottingen, and Heidelberg, and in Paris, a 
most diligent and successful student of natural and 
mathematical science. At Gottingen he honorably 
sustained the examinations for the degree of Doctor of 
Philosophy. 

Although he seemed, while in Europe, to allow his 
course of studies to shape themselves by a sort of pre- 
science, as it were, definitely towards his future career, 
he yet found time to study, as he had the capacity to 
master, the highest mathematics, besides making a 
number of chemical investigations of no slight import- 
ance, and which form the subjects of his principal pub- 
lished contributions to science, viz. : — 

" H'amatinsalpeters'aure identisch mit Pikramin- 
saure," Journ.fiir Prakt. Chemie, lxv. 362. 

" Miscellaneous Chemical Analyses," Inaugural Dis- 
sertation, Gottingen, 1856. 

" On a New Method of Estimating Nitric Acid," 
Quart. Journ. Chem. Soc, xii. 35, and 

" On the Sources of the Nitrogen of Vegetation, 
with special reference to the question whether plants 
assimilate Free or Uncombined Nitrogen," Philosophi- 
cal Transactions, part ii., 1861, 146 pp., 4to., with 
plates. 

This last-mentioned investigation was made in con- 
nection with Messrs. Lawes and Gilbert ; but Dr. Pugh's 
share in the work was by no means the least. It appears 
that while in Paris Dr. Pugh addressed to Mr. J. B. 
Lawes, the distinguished English agriculturist, so well 



6i 

known by the numerous and valuable researches carried 
on at his estate of Eothamstead, a proposition to under- 
take a new investigation of the question, then so vigor- 
ously mooted in France between Boussingault and Yille, 
as to the assimilability of free nitrogen by vegetation. 
Mr. Lawes received this proposition favorably, and sig- 
nified his willingness to have the research carried on in 
his laboratory and to defray all the costs, provided Dr. 
Pugh could satisfy him of his ability to estimate nitro- 
gen with a certain degree of precision. Dr. Pugh re- 
paired to Eothamstead, and his skilful application of 
volumetric methods satisfied Mr. Lawes. 

The question which Dr. Pugh undertook to decide 
was one that had been raised more than half a century 
before by Priestley and Ingenhouse on the one hand, 
who thought they had observed that plants absorbed 
the free nitrogen of the atmosphere, and Sennebier and 
Woodhouse on the other hand, who negatived this opin- 
ion. In 1837 the subject was taken up again by Bous- 
singault, who had the sagacity to apprehend the import- 
ance of closely investigating the sources of the nitrogen 
periodically yielded by a given area of land, over and 
above that which was artificially supplied to it. After 
a series of experiments extending over a period of 1 7 
years, Boussingault concluded that plants did not as- 
similate free nitrogen. But it happened in the mean 
time that M. Georges Yille, of Paris, had, from a series 
of investigations made by him from 1849 to l %5 2 , which 
seemed to show an enormous assimilation of nitrogen by 
the plants with which he experimented that could not 
be accounted for otherwise by him, announced that the 
free nitrogen of the atmosphere was assimilated by 
vegetation. Such strikingly different results at once 
excited great interest among chemists and vegetable 
physiologists, and a commission was appointed from the 
French Academy of Sciences to superintend the conduct- 
ing, under M. Yille, of a new set of experiments at the 
Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, in 1854-5. The report of 
this commission only tended to confirm the conclusions 
already drawn by M. Yille. Other experiments were 
made by MM. Cloez, Gratiolet, DeLuca, Harting, and 
Petzholdt, whose conclusions were nearly as conflicting 
as those of MM. Boussingault and Yille themselves. 

The researches, however, which were instituted by 
Dr. Pugh, and to which he devoted two years of nearly 
constant labor, were characterized with such compre- 
hensiveness in their details, skill and ingenuity in the 



62 

construction of apparatus and cautions against error, 
and withal such a rare degree of penetration to discover 
the many collateral questions involved, and acuteness 
in their solution, that the conclusions which they estab- 
lished have never since been questioned. 

Besides establishing the conclusions of M. Boussin- 
gault, these investigations supplied a great amount of 
evidence in relation to rotation of crops, etc. etc., of 
vast importance to agricultural science, and opened a 
rich field of inquiry in vegetable physiology which 
promised the most important results, had Dr. Pugh re- 
mained at Rothamstead to prosecute these researches. 

But, while yet there, he received the offer of the 
presidential chair of the Agricultural College of Penn- 
sylvania from its trustees, who had heard of the rare 
ability he had already evinced ; and although Mr. 
Lawes, who not only admired his abilities, but was 
greatly attached to him in friendship, was anxious to 
retain Dr. Pugh in his laboratory at a handsome re- 
muneration, and notwithstanding the latter was passion- 
ately fond of cultivating the fields of scientific research, 
he returned home in the autumn of 1859 to assume the 
position which had been offered him. 

Willingly renouncing the brilliant career which he 
was doubtless aware lay before him in case he should 
continue his researches, he recognized the duty he owed 
his country, and assumed the nobler and more enduring 
work. It was a controlling idea with him, that the 
teacher lives a second generation in the mental develop- 
ments of the taught, and that to be a benefactor to his 
race the student must be the medium through which he 
should operate upon the great world around him. 

When Dr. Pugh assumed the presidency of the Penn- 
sylvania Agricultural College, the expediency of com- 
bining manual labor with thorough study in an institu 
tion of learning was an open question, all previous 
attempts of the kind both in Europe and America hav- 
ing resulted in signal failures. He had, however, per- 
fect faith in a system which he believed was calculated, 
above all others, to develop mental and physical strength 
as well as practical knowledge. Referring once to the 
well-known fact that it is not sufficient to have spent a 
certain number of years within the walls of a college or 
university in order to secure a respectable education, he 
said, " An English friend, himself a university graduate, 
once remarked to me that he could point to artisans in 
the workshops of England with better trained minds, as 



6 3 

evinced by greater power of following up any connected 
train of thought, than could be found with many persons 
who had spent years at the time-honored universities of 
Oxford or Cambridge." 

With the eyes of the friends of agricultural education 
in every civilized country resting upon the experiment, 
he had the courage to undertake to demonstrate its 
practicability. He had previously visited and carefully 
studied the chief agricultural academies and schools of 
Europe, and his idea of what an American agricultural 
college should be was as definite as it was comprehen- 
sive and just. He found the college a struggling insti- 
tution, its buildings not half finished, and its exchequer 
awaiting the action of a hesitating legislature for funds 
to carry on the enterprise. With characteristic energy 
he organized a new plau of instruction, planned and 
superintended the erection of the college buildings, 
secured endowments, and, besides taking the general 
guidance of the institution, he gave instruction and 
superintended the practical investigations of the stu- 
dents in chemistry, scientific agriculture, mineralogy, 
and geology. 

He had just succeeded in establishing a thoroughly 
scientific institution upon a broad and enduring basis, 
and in convincing a sceptical public of the ultimate 
success of such a noble enterprise, when death cut short 
his work. He died in Bellefonte, Pa., on the 29th of 
April, 1864, after less than a week's illness, at the age 
of thirty-six. 

CM. Wetherill, M.D. — Prof. Wetherill's researches, 
like his lamented and sudden death, are fresh in our 
memories. His early papers in 1848, in the Annalen 
der Chem. and Pharm., were " On the Neutral Sul- 
phates of Ethyloxyd, their Decomposition Products with 
Water" (•' Ueber Neutrales Schwefelsaures iEthyl- 
oxyd und dessen Zersetzung Strodercte mit Wasser"), 
and " Analysis of the Subsulphate of Cinchona." The 
first of these papers is reproduced in the Proc. Am. 
Phil. Soc, 1848. His last papers are " Experiments 
with the Ammonium Amalgam" (Sill. Journ., 2, xl. pp. 
160-165, 1865), an d "On the Existence of the (so- 
called) Ammonium Amalgams" (Sill. Journ., 3, i. pp. 
369, 371, 1 8 71), both of which are most creditable con- 
tributions. The first demonstrates that the ammonium 
amalgam, so called, is a metallic froth ; the second that 
the compound ammonias, e. g., methyl-ammonium-oxa- 
late, may form the so-called amalgam. Dr. Wetherill 



6 4 

published a number of other papers, chiefly analyses, e. g., 
" Concretion from the Stomach of a Horse;" " Molybdate 
of Lead ;" " Food of the Queen Bee ;" " Mexican Honey 
Ant," etc.; "A New Apparatus for the Determination of 
Carbonic Acid" (May, 1873, Journ. Frank. Inst., xxx. 
333). " Examination of Fusel Oil from Indian Corn" 
(May, 1873, Journ. Frank. Inst., xxx. 385). This is a 
valuable contribution, with a fractional distillation of 
the crude oil, an ultimate analysis of the silver salt of 
one of the fatty acids from the distillate (C ]6 H 15 4 Ag), 
and an examination of the alcohol of fusel oil. 
" Examination of Gas of the Philadelphia Gas Works" 
(1854, Journ. Frank. Inst., xxviii. 35). "An appa- 
ratus for Organic Analysis by Illuminating Gas, and 
on the use of this Gas in Experimental Analysis" (1854, 
Journ. Frank. Inst., xxviii. 107-115; 184-191 ; 274- 
279). " Description of an Apparatus for Broiling by 
Gas" (1854, Journ. Frank. Inst., 121). His paper on 
"Adipocire and its Formation" {Trans. Am. Philo. 
Soc, xi. 1855) contains the results of both chemical and 
microscopical examinations of adipocire, with an account 
of experiments on the decomposition of muscular fibre 
by water with a view to the formation of adipocire. In 
1859 he published "Analysis of the White Sulphur 
Water of the Artesian well of Lafayette, Indiana" 
(Sill. Journ., 2, xxvii. pp. 241-249) ; a carefully con- 
ducted investigation of permanent value. " On the Crys- 
tallization of Sulphur, and upon the Reaction between 
Sulphid of Hydrogen, Ammonia, and Alcohol" (Sill. 
Journ., 2, xl. pp. 338-344) ; a research undertaken to 
determine the conditions requisite to produce octohedral 
and prismatic sulphur. " On the Crystalline Nature of 
Glass" (Sill. Journ., 2, xli. pp. 16-27). This curious 
research has demonstrated the fallacy of the common 
opinion that glass is quite amorphous, and demands fur- 
ther investigation. 

" Experiments on Itacolumite ( Articulite), with the 
Explanation of its Flexibility and its Relation to the 
Formation of the Diamond" (Sill. Jour., 2, xliv. pp. 
61-71). This is a most ingenious and suggestive paper, 
and is an excellent illustration of the skill and ingenuity 
which the author brought to bear on a seemingly un- 
promising subject, whether we accept his conclusions or 
not. 

The only volume published by Dr. Wetherill was his 
technical treatise, called " The Manufacture of Yinegar ; 
its Theory and Practice, with Special Reference to the 



65 

Quick Process," i860, pp. 300, which is a very useful 
book. 

There are other names of early laborers in the com- 
mon field which are not forgotten, but time fails us that 
we should enumerate all in a summary which does not 
claim to be complete. The names of Renwick, Chilton, 
Dewey, T. Dwight Eaton, Elisha Mitchell; Thos. D. 
Mitchell, Steel, E. Hitchcock, Webster, Hall, Godon, 
S. G. Morton, Keating, W. R. Johnson, and others, are 
among the unrecorded ones in our Address. 

No definite line of division can be drawn between the 
two moieties of our century of chemistry. The notice 
we have taken of those whose names have already been 
mentioned has, almost unavoidably, been somewhat bio- 
graphical. For those who are yet in active work this 
course is, for obvious reasons, undesirable, and our no- 
tice of the contributions of living men must generally 
be much less personal. Before resuming our enumera- 
tion of contemporaneous work, it will be proper to 
touch briefly on some general considerations which 
naturally suggest themselves in this connection. 

It is easy to see, by a review of the ground gone over, 
that, in the early history of chemistry in the United 
States, there were a few workers whose labors have made 
a sensible impression on the history of the science. 
Such were Rumford, Priestley, Hare, Silliman, Gorham, 
J. F. Dana, Wells, Bache, Seybert, Bruce, Torrey, Ma- 
ther, Troost, Bowen, and others. As a department of 
academic training chemistry was generally provided 
for in most of the colleges, but it was usually coupled 
with natural philosophy and natural history, and was 
never made the subject of personal laboratory training 
other than by didactic and demonstrative lectures. 
Practical and analytical laboratories of instruction were 
unknown. With a few honorable exceptions, the in- 
cumbents of professorial chairs made no contributions 
to the advancement of science, or the stock of human 
knowledge. Text-books and manuals were supplied, 
prior to the appearance of those of Gorham and J. F. 
Dana, by the republication of European manuals, such as 
those of Henry, Murray, Brande, Chaptal, and the like. 
The subjects which very naturally occupied the atten- 
tion of chemists here, as elsewhere, in the early part of 
this century were largely physical, growing naturally 
out of the excitement following the discovery of the 
pile of Yolta, and its use by Davy in evolving potassium, 
5 



66 

sodium, and the other like metals from their combina- 
tions. 

The "New Chemical Philosophy" of the French 
school had gradually won its way to complete supremacy 
over the phlogistic theory, although, as we have seen, 
Dr. Priestley to the last did battle valiantly for the 
doctrines of Stahl. But, although Davy's determina- 
tion of the real nature of chlorine was the coup de 
grace to the old ideas, we still find the literature of 
chemistry full of desperate struggles to resist the dua- 
listic philosophy which for more than half a century 
since has, until within the, past twenty years, held 
almost undisputed dominion. 

A few American chemists very early sought the ad- 
vantages offered to students by the School of Mines in 
Paris — for example, the two Seyberts, Keating, Va- 
nuxem, Clemson, etc., or, like Silliman and Gorham, 
found guidance in London and Edinburgh. But the 
advantages thus obtained were neither easy of access, 
nor otherwise well suited to the wants of students. Pri- 
vate laboratories of eminent chemists were at that time 
nearly closed to the access of students, few of whom en- 
joyed such advantages as the brothers Rose found in the 
laboratory of Berzelius. No chemical schools or labora- 
tories were then organized for chemical training of stu- 
dents in the arts of analysis, and the methods of research 
were unknown, in fact, until Liebig, in 1826, first threw 
open wide the doors of access to the laboratory at Geis- 
sen, and welcomed cordially all students without distinc- 
tion of nationality to his scientific hospitality. It was 
there that Hoffmann, Will, and Fresenius were his 
assistants, and we find the names of Johnston, Lyon 
Playfair, and Gregory among his English-speaking stu- 
dents before the tide of American followers had set in. 
This marks an era in the scientific history of the world 
that made itself felt far and wide, and nowhere more 
than in the United States, although nearly twenty years 
later, when it contributed its quota to the events next 
to be considered. 

Gkeat Scientific Awakening about 1845. — The 
year 1845 marks the beginning of a new era in the 
scientific life of America, which is still in active pro- 
gress, and chemistry has had its full share in this 
advance. Many circumstances conspired to bring about 
this increased activity, some of which we will briefly 
enumerate : — 

Louis Agassiz arrived in the United States in the 
autumn of 1846, and commenced his wonderful course 



67 

of scientific labor which has made itself felt in all depart- 
ments of research, and has infused a zeal for scientific 
studies and research in the public mind before unknown. 
Coming only as a guest, and for a special mission, he 
found here a home which with joy opened to receive 
and adopt him as an American citizen, and has made 
his name a household word in every hamlet of this 
broad land. 

The Smithsonian Institution, founded by an Eng- 
lishman, was organized at Washington in 1846, and 
commenced its labors under the guidance of Prof. 
Joseph Henry in 1847. Opening wider and yet more 
freely the various paths of scientific research with every 
passing year, and placing the science-workers of Ame- 
rica in intimate fellowship with their co-workers in all 
parts of the civilized globe, its influence for good is 
steadily increasing. 

The United States Coast Survey had in 1845 j ust 
passed under the comprehensive direction bf Prof. Alex- 
ander Dallas Bache, and was at the commencement 
of this new epoch in American science already making 
its power felt in all departments of research : co-ordi- 
nating, systematizing, and directing not only its own 
special methods, but extending its hospitality and en- 
couragement alike to physicists, chemists, naturalists, 
and explorers — what a power it has ever been in this 
country for the advancement of science, and what a 
school for special training, is the cheerful acknowledg- 
ment of all who have any knowledge of scientific pro- 
gress in the United States during the past thirty years. 

Astronomical Observatories. — In 1845 Professor 
Ormsey Magknight Mitchel effected the establishing 
of the Astronomical Observatory at Cincinnati, since so 
renowned in astronomical history. Observatories had 
existed before in the United States at Yale (1830), 
Williams (1836), Western Eeserve (1838), etc., but they 
were more or less imperfectly organized, and we believe 
that the efforts of General Mitchel at Cincinnati may 
be fairly looked upon as the starting point of that great 
activity in astronomy in this country, which has since 
developed itself, and has so unexpectedly, by aid of the 
spectroscope, connected astronomy and chemistry so in- 
timately as to render them in some sense co-ordinated 
sciences. 

The American Association for the Advancement 
of Science commenced its enlarged existence in 1848, 
being evolved out of the Association of American 



68 

Geologists and Naturalists, which body at its last meet- 
ing in Boston, in 1847, resolved to enlarge its sphere of 
action, to include physics, chemistry, astronomy, and the 
allied physical sciences. This latter organization has 
itself been an outgrowth from an earlier organization, 
the American Association of Geologists, founded origi- 
nally by the joint action of those who, in 1840, were 
charged with the conduct of the geological surveys of the 
States then prosecuting such explorations. The Pro- 
ceedings of the American Association for the Advance- 
ment of Science at once opened a new channel of com- 
munication for the workers in science, while the migra- 
tions of the association tended doubtless to quicken the 
public interest in scientific pursuits. 

The American Philosophical Society had a little 
earlier, in 1843, ne ^ its centennial celebration in Phila- 
delphia, an event which stimulated to renewed activity 
the oldest of American scientific societies, and drew 
together a large number of co-workers from distant 
places to participate in this scientific festival. It was 
fit that the oldest scientific organization in this country, 
with a noble record of work in the first quarter of our 
chemical century, should join with fresh vigor in the 
great awakening which has distinguished the latter 
quarter of the same century. 

The American Journal of Science closed its first 
half century of volumes in 1845, an( * commenced its 
second series in the year 1846 under an enlarged edi- 
torial management, and with more frequent issues, thus 
offering to investigators more frequent contact with 
their fellow-workers. 

The year 1847 witnessed also the inauguration of the 
system of schools for science training in some of the 
older colleges, which has since led the way to the estab- 
lishing of like schools far and wide. 

At Yale College in 1847 was instituted the "Depart 
ment of Philosophy and the Arts," and work was com- 
menced under it in the " Yale Analytical Laboratory" 
under the instruction of Professors Norton and Silli- 
man, Jr. This effort was almost without any endowments 
in money, and was carried on for some years exclusively 
at the personal charge of the two professors, who uot 
only paid their own salary, but furnished the laborato- 
ries, library, apparatus, and collections, and even paid 
a rent to the academical department for the use of the 
old presidential house, which they had also paid for fit- 
ting up for the use of the school. From the very 



6 9 

commencement of this work by Professor Silliman. Jr., 
some four or five years before, in a small way. evidence 
was not wanting in the gathering of pupils of the exist- 
ing necessity for such instruction. 

At Harvard in the same year Mr. Abbott Lawrence 
had just made an endowment of fifty thousand dollars, 
at that time of unparalleled munificence, which became 
at once the starting point of the " Lawrence Scientific 
School" under the direction of Professor E. X. Horsford, 
who had then but recently returned from the instruc- 
tions of Liebig. How suggestive, and fruitful in noble 
emulation, this good example of Lawrence has been in 
the scientific endowments of seats of learning, we may 
see on every hand. It is only necessary to mention the 
names of Sheffield, of Peabody, of Williston. of Hop- 
kins, of Chandler, of Judd, of Packer, of Pardee, of 
Edwin A. Stevens ; the endowments of Agassiz's Museum 
of Comparative Zoology of the Harvard Observatory, 
of the Winchester Observatory at Yale, and, lastly, of 
the more than regal munificence to science by the gifts 
of James Lick upon the Pacific coast, and of others 
which might properly be mentioned — to see at once the 
cause and effect of our increased activity in all depart- 
ments of scientific research. 

But this is not all. 

The conquest of Mexico by the United States in 
1845. the acquisition of California, and the subsequent 
discovery of its gold and of the gold of Australia, are 
events which have most obviously added their powerful 
stimulus to the general activity of the entire country, 
and, we may add, of the world, awakening the public 
mind to the importance of physical studies, and aiding 
to give them a rank in the general estimate they had 
never before attained, whether as means of intellectual 
and general culture, or as ends for the attainment of 
wealth and power. Without the almost convulsive 
shock thus imparted to the old-time system of education, 
by the union and focalization of all these and other like 
causes, the inertia with which the arguments for a more 
comprehensive training in our institutions of learning 
were so long successfully resisted, would still continue, 
and the "humanities" of mediaeval scholasticism would 
have never relaxed their almost exclusive dominion in 
a polite education. That we are here to-day as chem- 
ists, and to celebrate this new Atlantis "for the glory 
of the Creator and the relief of man's estate," is in tes- 
timony that a great advance has been made upon the 



70 

old traditions — a victory achieved, and with a yet more 
fruitful future before us and those who are to follow. 

Thus on every hand, under the inspiration of these 
combined influences, and others of a like nature not so 
conspicuous, was the educated mind of America directed 
with new intent toward all departments of scientific 
study, and a revival of learning followed, which happily 
is still in full progress. The work in the various geolo- 
gical and other explorations already undertaken, or, like 
the Wilkes expedition, just completed, had, in 1845, fur- 
nished a small band of picked men trained for original 
research. Chemical students, drawn to Europe by the 
attraction of the writings of Liebig and the laboratory 
training of Wohler and others were returning to infuse 
new activity and accuracy into chemical studies, es- 
tablishing laboratories for research in various depart- 
ments of original investigation. 

There had, indeed, been a partial kindling of a like 
nature twenty-five or thirty years before, when the early 
munificence of William Maclure aroused in Philadel- 
phia and New Haven, and to some extent in other 
cities, a remarkable zeal for the study of geology, min- 
eralogy, and general natural history, followed by the 
publication of his geological map of the United States, 
by the establishing of the " Academy of Natural Sci- 
ences" in Philadelphia, the "Lyceum of Natural His- 
tory" in New York, and the " American Geological 
Society" in New Haven. But the failure of Mr. 
Owens's educational scheme at New Harmony, where 
Mr. Maclure had made a heavy investment, and had 
carried an important part of his collection of books and 
natural history specimens, accompanied by Say, Les- 
eur, and others, ending in his removal to Mexico, 
where his delicate health compelled him to reside, led 
the way to a considerable suspension of this new ac- 
tivity in science. Nearly all the publishing societies in 
America became dormant, or languished with intervals 
of spasmodic activity. Some of them died entirely. 
Bruce 's Journal died, and a period of general stagna- 
tion in scientific activity prevailed for some years. This 
gradually yielded to better influences. Chemistry was 
making slow but steady progress. Evidence of original 
work began to appear in this and the cognate sciences, 
as will be seen by what has already been recorded, and 
thus the way was opened for the entrance of those com- 
bined influences which developed themselves, as we 
have just specified, about the years 1845-47, under cir- 
cumstances so auspicious. 



71 

[In the following enumeration of chemical contributions by 
authors now living, an effort has been made, as far as practica- 
ble, to preserve a chronological order; but this could not be 
very strictly observed. It was at first intended to classify the 
contributions to chemistry in this country subjectively ; but 
this was found to be inconsistent with the effort to do each 
worker the fairest amount of justice possible. Nor has it been 
thought essential to preserve a strict order in the mode of 
enumerating papers. The author has desired to make this 
list as complete as possible, but he is sensible of its imperfec- 
tions, while he is at the same time unconscious of any inten- 
tional omissions, and hopes for a friendly indulgence where 
omissions exist. To those who have kindly responded to his 
request for assistance in preparing the lists which follow, he 
returns his thanks, and he takes this occasion to remind others 
if they find their lists incomplete, that they have had an op- 
portunity to make them otherwise.] 

Joseph Hexry, Washington, D. C. — Professor 
Henry, now the Nestor of American science, has de- 
voted his great powers, during a long and active life, 
chiefly to other branches of science and administrative 
duty, and with what eminent success need not be re- 
counted here. But we find him early in his scientific 
studies at work in the laboratory of Dr. T. R. Beck, in 
Albany, and afterwards, in the absence of Dr. John Tor- 
rey, delivering the chemical lectures at Nassau Hall, in 
Princeton. While in Albany with Dr. Beck, he de- 
vised and published an improved form of Wollaston's 
sliding scale of chemical equivalents, in which hydrogen 
was adopted as the radix, a contrivance which is 
hardly known, even by name, to the present generation 
of chemists. 

Prof. Henry, in the discharge of his duties as the 
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, has had it in 
his power greatly to advance chemical science, both by 
encouraging original researches in the laboratory of the 
institution and elsewhere, and also in his Annual Re- 
ports and in the Smithsonian Contributions and Mis- 
cellaneous Collections, by publishing chemical memoirs 
by American chemists, and promulgating a knowledge 
of those undertaken, either by encouragement of the 
Smithsonian, or elsewhere. 

By his own original researches in electro-magnetism, 
commenced in Albany in 1826, and continued at Prince- 
ton after his removal to Nassau Hall, Prof. Henry has 
contributed more than any other American to the ad- 



72 

vancement of that important department of physics, 
which has been so fruitful in the hands of inventors in 
new and important practical applications closely affili- 
ated to chemistry. 

Prof. Henry's original contributions to science have 
been chiefly physical, but they fall largely into the de- 
partment of chemical physics. 

The following is a brief enumeration of his scientific 
investigations and discoveries : — 

i. A sketch of the topography of the State of New 
York, embodying the results of the survey before men- 
tioned. 

2. In connection with Dr. Beck and the Hon. Simeon 
De Witt, the organization of the meteorological system 
of the State of New York. 

3. The development, for the first time, of magnetic 
power, sufficient to sustain tons in weight, in soft iron, 
by a comparatively feeble galvanic current. 

4. The first application of electro-magnetism as a 
power, to produce continued motion in a machine. 

5. An exposition of the method by which electro- 
magnetism might be employed in transmitting power to 
a distance, and the demonstration of the practicability 
of an electro-magnetic telegraph, which, without these 
discoveries, was impossible. 

6. The discovery of the induction of an electrical 
current in a long wire upon itself, or the means of in- 
creasing the intensity of a current by the use of a spiral 
conductor. 

7. The method of inducing a current of quantity 
from one of intensity, and vice versa. 

8. The discovery of currents of induction of different 
orders, and of the neutralization of the induction by 
the interposition of plates of metal. 

9. The discovery that the discharge of a Leyden jar 
consists of a series of oscillations backwards and for- 
wards until equilibrium is restored. 

10. The induction of a current of electricity from 
lightning at a great distance, and proof* that the dis- 
charge from a thunder cloud also consists of a series of 
oscillations. 

11. The oscillating condition of a lightning-rod while 
transmitting a discharge of electricity from the clouds, 
causing it, though in perfect connection with the earth, 
to emit sparks of sufficient intensity to ignite combus- 
tible substances. 

12. Investigations on molecular attraction, as exhi- 
bited in liquids, and in yielding and rigid solids, and an 



73 

exposition of the theory of soap bubbles. [These ori- 
ginated from his being called upon to investigate the 
causes of the bursting of the great gun on the United 
States Steamer Princeton,] 

13. Original experiments on and exposition of the 
principles of acoustics, as applied to churches and other 
public buildings. 

14. Experiments on various instruments to be used 
as fog signals. 

15. A series of experiments on various illuminating 
materials for light-house use, and the introduction of 
lard oil for lighting the coasts of the United States. 
This and the preceding in his office of Chairman of the 
Committee on Experiments of the Light-House Board. 

16. Experiments on heat, in which the radiation from 
clouds and animals in distant fields was indicated by the 
thermo-electrical apparatus applied to a reflecting tele- 
scope. 

17. Observations on the comparative temperature of 
the sun-spots, and also of different portions of the sun's 
disk. In these experiments he was assisted by Professor 
Alexander. 

18. Proof that the radiant heat from a feebly lumin- 
ous flame is also feeble, and that the increase of radiant 
light, by the introduction of a solid substance into the 
flame of the compound blowpipe, is accompanied with 
an equivalent radiation of heat, and also that the in- 
crease of light and radiant heat in a flame of hydrogen, 
by the introduction of a solid substance, is attended 
with a diminution in the heating power of the flame 
itself. 

19. The reflection of heat from concave mirrors of 
ice, and its application to the source of the heat de- 
rived from the moon. 

20. Observations, in connection with Professor Alex- 
ander, on the red flames on the border of the sun, as 
observed in the annular eclipse of 1838. 

21. Experiments on the phosphorogenic ray of the 
sun, from which it is shown that this emanation is polar- 
izable and refrangible, according to the same laws which 
govern light. 

22. On the penetration of the more fusible metals 
into those less readily melted, while in a solid state. 

Besides these experimental additions to physical 
science, Professor Henry is the author of twenty-five 
[1846-71] reports, giving an exposition of the annual 
operations of the Smithsonian Institution. He has also 



74 

published a series of essays on meteorology in the 
Patent Office Reports, which, besides an exposition of 
established principles, contain many new suggestions ; 
and, among others, the origin of the development of 
electricity, as exhibited in the thunder-storm ;. and an 
essay on the principal source of the power which does 
the work of developing the plant in the bud, and the 
animal in the egg. 

He has also published a theory of elementary educa- 
tion, in his address as President of the American Asso- 
ciation for the Advancement of Education, the principle 
of which is, that in instruction the order of nature 
should be followed ; that we should begin with the con- 
crete and end with the abstract, the one gradually shad- 
ing into the other ; also the importance of early impres- 
sions, and the tendency in old age to relapse into the 
vices of early youth. Youth is the father of old age 
rather than of manhood. 

He was successful as a teacher, and never failed to 
impart to his students a portion of his own enthusiasm. 
His object was not merely to impart a knowledge of 
facts, but mainly to give clear expositions of principles ; 
to teach the use of generalizations, the method of arriv- 
ing at laws by the process of induction, and the infer- 
ence from these of facts by logical deduction. 

Henry Seybert, of Philadelphia, like his father, 
Adam Seybert, was educated in the School of Mines in 
Paris, and was an early contributor to our knowledge 
of the chemical constitution of American minerals. In 
1822 he analyzed the sulphuret of molybdenum from 
Chester, Pa. ; chromate of iron from Maryland and 
Pennsylvania ; the tabular spar, pyroxene, and colo- 
phonite of Willsborough, N. Y., and the maclureite 
(chondrodite) of New Jersey (in which he independ- 
ently discovered fluorine as Dr. Langstaff had done 
before). He also analyzed the manganesian garnet 
found with the chrysoberyl at Haddam, Conn., and the 
chrysoberyl of the same locality. In 1830 he analyzed 
the Tennessee meteorite of Bowen, since which date I 
have been unable to find any further contributions from 
Mr. Seybert, whose attention was unfortunately diverted 
from science, to which his early life was so advantage- 
ously devoted, to other and less fruitful lines of investi- 
gation. 

Charles Upham Shepard, M.D., New Haven. — 
From the year 1824 to this time Prof. Shepard's name 
has been intimately associated with the progress of 



75 

American mineralogy and the study of aerolites. His 
chemical work has been largely given to the examina- 
tion of meteoric masses, to which he has devoted special 
attention, amassing probably the finest collection of 
these remarkable bodies which exists in America. 
Nearly all his papers on mineralogy and meteorites 
have appeared in the American Journal of Science 
and in the Proceedings of the American Association for 
the Advancement of Science, and for a full list of titles 
reference may be had to these works. The catalogue 
of the Royal Society contains, prior to 1863, titles of 
seventy-eight papers by Prof. Shepard. In 1832 he 
published his " Treatise on Mineralogy." based on the 
natural system of Mohs, and subsequent editions have 
appeared in 1844, ^52, and 1857. 

No observation or original research of Dr. Shepard 
has been fruitful of so much good in its consequences as 
his discovery, about 25 years ago, of the deposit of 
phosphate of lime in the Eocene marl of South Carolina, 
and the distinct recognition of the fact of its great value 
for agriculture. This discovery led, in 1859-60, to 
finding, in the immediate vicinity of Charleston, the 
richest phosphates directly above and upon the Eocene, 
and to its introduction into commerce on a vast scale, 
and the manufacture of superphosphate fertilizers, not 
alone for this country, but for foreign export, and the 
growth in consequence of an important industry in the 
chemical arts at Charleston. 

Augustus A. Hayes, Brookline, near Boston, Mass. — 
Dr. Hayes has been an industrious worker in chemistry 
from an early date until the failure of his health some 
ten years since. His papers are scattered over a wide 
range, and the following is only a partial list : — 

1831. Production of Hydrocyanic Acid under un- 
usual circumstances. Journ. Royal Inst., i. 169. 

1848. Native Copper from Lake Superior. Am. 
Acad. Proc, ii. 195. 

1848. On the Urinary Deposit called Eed Sand. 
Hid., 196. 

1848. On Stereopene, or Camphor from Crude Oil of 
Valerian. Ibid., iii. 99-100. 

1850. On the Assumed Existence of Ammonia in the 
General Atmosphere. Proc. Am. Ass., iv. 207-213. 

1852. On a New Species of Wax. Am. Acad. Proc, 
ii. 190. 

1852. On Native Iron from Siberia. Ibid., iii. 149. 

1852. On Aluminium. Ibid. 



7 6 

1852. Bessemer Process; New Points of Chemical 
Interest. Ibid., iii. 322. 

1852. Fossilized Egg from the Guano Island. Proc. 
Boston Nat. Hist. Soc, v. 165. 

1852. On Cochituate Water. Ibid., 169. 

1852. Analysis of a Saline Mineral from South 
America. Ibid., v. 192-390. 

1852. On the State in which Phosphate of Lime 
Exists in Sea- Water. Ibid., vi. 48. 

1852. Analysis of a Specimen of Gum from Africa. 
Ibid., vi. 129. 

1852. On a kind of Sugar developed in Sorghum. 
Ibid., 200-203, 207-209. 

1852. On some Modified Eesults attending the De- 
composition of Bituminous Coals by Heat. Ibid., vii. 
50-51 ; also, in Am Journ. Sci. 

1857. On the Composition of the so-called Guano of 
the Atlantic Islands. Edirib. N. Phil. Journ., ii. 107. 

1857. Corrosion of Yellow Metal. Am. Acad. Proc, 
iv. 28. 

1857. Chemical Examination of a Substance found 
in the Medullary Cavity of Trees in the Sandwich 
Islands. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vii. 209. 

1 86 1. On the Occurrence of Soluble Compounds of 
Copper, Lead, and Zinc in Alcohol. Lond. Chem. News, 
iv. 117. 

1870. On the Cause of the Color of the Water of 
Lake Leman, Geneva. Am. Journ. Sci. [2], xlx. 186. 

1872. On the Red Oxide of Zinc of New Jersey. 
Ibid. [3], iv. 191. 

Lewis Feuchtwanger, M.D., New York. — Dr. 
Feuchtwanger has been known to American chemists 
by his commercial establishment for the manufacture 
and sale of rare chemicals for over forty years. He has 
also added' something to our literature. 

1 83 1. Remarks on Arsenic, with Drawings of the 
Color of its Precipitates formed by Reagents applied 
to them. Sill. Journ., xix. 339, with a colored plate. 

1837. Expeditious Mode of Manufacturing Vinegar. 
lb., xxxi. 272. 

1867. A Popular Treatise on Gems, i2mo. pp. 505, 
and a new edition in 1872. 

1872. Remarks on Glass Making. Proc. Am. Ass., 
xxii. 88. 

Robert Peter, M. D., Professor of Chemistry in the 
University of Transylvania, Lexington, Ky. — Dr. Peter, 
who is one of the oldest chemists in the United States, 



77 

has been connected with the geological surveys of Ken- 
tucky and Indiana, as well as with various institutions 
of learning. His published papers are in part as fol- 
lows : — 

1834. Thoughts on the Application of Chemistry to 
Medicine. Transyl. Med. Joum., vol. vii. 

1834. An Account of the Vegetable Alkalies, includ- 
ing their Therapeutic Action when applied internally 
or by the Endermic Method. Ibid. 

1835. Notice of the Crab Orchard Mineral Springs 
(Lincoln County, Ky.), with a Chemical Analysis of 
Four of the Waters. Ibid., vol. viii. 

1846. Chemical Analysis of Urinary Calculi in the 
Museum of the Medical Department of Transylvania 
University, with Remarks on the Relative Frequency of 
Calculi in Lexington, Ky., and the Probable Causes. 
Western Lancet, vol. v. 

This paper was subsequently reproduced with thirty- 
four additional pages, and several new analyses in the 
Transylvania Med. Joum., N. S. 

1849. Remarks on the Agriculture of the Blue Lime- 
stone of Kentucky, with its Analysis. Albany Culti- 
vator, Albany, N. Y., vol. v. 

1849. O n Ozone. ] In the Trans. 
On Magnesia as an Antidote to > Med. Joum., 

Arsenic. J vol. i., N. S. 

1850. The Quantitative Analysis of the Water of the 
Lower Blue Lick Spring, in Nicholas Co., Ky., with 
remarks on some other Salt Springs of the Blue Lime- 
stone Formation. Quar. Med. Joum., Lexington. 

1852. A series of lectures (contributed to same 
Journal) on the Chemical Relations of Organic Bodies, 
and on the Chemistry of the Urine. 

1856. Chemical Analysis of Soils, Minerals, Rocks, 
Ores, Coals, Waters, etc. etc., with remarks covering 
124 pages of vol. i. of the Reports on the Kentucky 
Geological Survey. 8vo. 

1857. To vol. ii. of same Report, 184 pages contain- 
ing the account of 206 chemical analyses contributed 
to the work by Dr. Peter. 

1857. To vol. iii. of same report, Dr. Peter contri- 
buted 247 pages, and 220 chemical analyses with re- 
marks. 

1 86 1. To vol. iv. of same report, he contributed 291 
pages, with 529 chemical analyses, etc. 

i860. In the Second Report of a Geological Recon- 
noissance of the Southern and Middle Counties of Ar- 



78 

kansas, made during the years 1859-60, by Dr. David 
Dale Owen, Geologist (Phila., 8vo. pp. 433), etc., Dr. 
Peter, as the chemist to the survey, contributed an ac- 
count of 271 chemical analyses by himself of the soils, 
subsoils, under-clays, nitre-earths, etc., of Arkansas, 
with remarks covering 125 pages. 

i860. In Eeport of a Geological Keconnoissance of 
Indiana by Dr." D. D. Owen, made during 1859-60, Dr. 
Peter contributed the chemical analyses of thirty -three 
soils, subsoils, etc. Indianapolis, 1862, pp. 368, 8vo. 

1873. Dr. Peter adds to his former chemical work on 
the Geological Survey of Kentucky (Prof. N. S. Shaler 
Chief Geologist), a new chapter in the report now about 
to be published. 

John William Draper, Prof, of Chemistry New 
York University, New York. — Few men of science 
now living in America have been so long and so favor- 
ably known in the various departments of scientific 
investigation, which he has followed, as Dr. Draper. 
His reputation is cosmopolitan, and many of his publi- 
cations have been reproduced in several European lan- 
guages. The following is believed to be a full list of 
Dr. Draper's scientific papers, arranged in chronological 
order. Many of them are not, properly speaking, 
chemical, but belong rather to the department of mole- 
cular physics. 

1834. " On Capillary Attraction," showing that it is 
an electrical phenomenon, and containing an explana- 
tion of endosmosis, Journ. Frank. Inst.. Sept., 147. 

1834. "Analysis of Native Chloride of Carbon," 
Journ. Frank. Inst., >{ov., 295. 

1834. " On a Galvanic , Battery of Four Elements," 
Journ. Frank. Inst., Nov., 289. It contains the voltaic 
decomposition of fused salts r aud reducing effect of liber- 
ated hydrogen. » 

1835. " Experiments to determine whether Light has 
any Magnetic Action," Journ. Frank. Inst., Feb. 

1836. "Experiments on the Tidal Motions of Con- 
ductors Free to Move," being an investigation of the 
figure of equilibrium, and the motions of masses of mer- 
cury under the influence of a voltaic current, Frank. 
Inst. Journ., January. 

1836. "Analysis of some Ancient Coins," Silliman's 
Amer. Journ., vol. xxix., 157. 

1836. "Experiments on Endosmosis," Frank. Inst. 
Journ., March. 

1836. " Endosmosis through Water Strata and Soap 
Bubbles," Frank. Inst. Journ., July. 



79 

1836. " On Interstitial Movements," Amer. Journ. 
Med. Sci., May. 

1836. "Observations on Microscopic Chemistry," 
Journ. Frank. Inst., Dec. 

1837. "Experiments on Solar Light," Frank. Inst. 
Journ., June, July, Aug-., Oct. These contain, among 
many other things, experiments on the absorption of 
the chemical rays, decomposition of carbonic acid by 
light, diffraction of the chemical rays, deposition of 
camphor crystals, and effects of light on vegetation. 

1838. " On the Physical Theory of Capillary Attrac- 
tion," Amer. Journ. Med. Sci., Feb. 

1838. "On the Great Mechanical Force Generated 
by the Condensing Action of Tissues," showing that 
gases will diffuse into each other against the pressure 
of many atmospheres and the voltaic decomposition of 
water under heavy pressures, Amer. Journ. Med. Sci., 
May. 

1838. " On the Physical Theory of Endosmosis," 
Amer. Journ. Med. Sci., Aug. ' 

1838. "On the Constitution of the Atmosphere," 
Lond. Phil. Mag., Oct. 

1839. " On the Measurement of the Tension of Elec- 
trical Currents," Phil. Mag., Oct., Nov. 

1840. " Some Experiments on the Sun's Light, made 
in the South of Virginia," Phil. Mag., Feb. 

1840. " On the Electromotive Power of Heat," con- 
taining a description of improved thermo-electrical 
couples, Phil. Mag., June. 

1840. " On the Taking of Portraits from the Life by 
the Daguerreotype," Phil. Mag., Sept. This memoir 
contains the first description published on photographic 
portraiture. 

1841. "On some Analogies between the Chemical 
Eays and Radiant Heat," Phil. Mag., Sept. 

1842. " On a New Imponderable Principle," Phil. 
Mag., Dec. 

1843. " On Certain Spectral Appearances connected 
with Photography, and on Latent Light, ' Sillimaris 
Journal, vol. xliv. 

1843. " On the Law of the Conducting Power of 
Wires for Electrical Currents," an investigation con- 
nected with Morse's invention of the telegraph, Silli- 
man's Journal, vol. xlv. 

1843. "Photographic Copies of the Fixed Lines of 
the Spectrum." This memoir contains the description 
of many new lines, both in the ultra red and ultra violet 
spaces. Phil. Mag., May. 



8o 

1843. "On the Decomposition of Carbonic Acid by 
Plants in the Prismatic Spectrum." Up to this time it 
was supposed that the deoxidation of carbonic acid is 
accomplished by the violet rays ; this memoir showed 
that it is by the yellow rays. Silliman's Journal, vol. 
xlvi., Phil. Mag., Sept. 

1843. " On a Change Impressed by Light in the 
Properties of an Elementary Substance," Phil. Mag., 
Nov. 

1843. "Description of the Chlorine and Hydrogen 
Photometer (Tithonometer)," an instrument subse- 
quently used extensively by Bunsen and Eoscoe in their 
photo-chemical researches. Silliman's Journal, vol. 
xlvi., Phil. Mag., Dec. 

1844. " On Tithonized Chlorine," Phil. Mag., July. 

1844. "On a Fourth Imponderable," Phil. Mag., 
Aug. 

1845. " On Capillary Attraction," Phil. Mag., 
March. 

1845. "On the Interference or Diffraction Spec- 
trum," Phil. Mag., June. 

1845. " On the Allotropism of Chlorine as Connected 
with the Theory of Substitutions," Silliman's Journal 
vol. xlix. 

1845. " On the Light of Ignited Lime and the Elec- 
tric Spark," Phil. Mag., Dec. 

1846. " On the Circulation of the Blood as depending 
on Chemical Action," Silliman's Journal, 2d series, 
vol. ii. 

1847. " On the Negative or Protecting Rays of the 
Spectrum," Phil. Mag., Feb. 

1847. " On the Production of Light by Heat." This 
memoir contained many facts published subsequently 
(i860) without due acknowledgment by M. Kirchoff in 
his celebrated memoir as mathematical deductions. 
Silliman's Journal, 2d series, vol. iv., Phil. Mag., May. 

1848. " On the Production of Light by Chemical Ac- 
tion," Silliman's Journal, 2d series, vol. v., Phil. 
Mag., Feb. 

1849. " On the Allotropism of Living Beings," Phil. 
' j., April. 

1851. "On Phosphorescence," Phil. Mag., Feb. 

185 1. "On the Chemical Action of Light," Phil. 
Mag., May. 

1853. " On a New Method for the Quantitative Esti- 
mation of Urea," Phil. Mag., Oct. 

1857. "On the Diffraction Spectrum," Phil. Mag., 
March. 



1857. " On Photometry," Phil. Mag., Sept. 

1857. " On the Modification of Chlorine," Phil. 
Mag., Nov. 

1858. " On the Nature of Flame and Condition of 
the Sun's Surface," Sillimarts Journal, 2d series, vol. 
xxvi., Phil. Mag., Feb. 

1872. "On the Distribution of Heat in the Spec- 
trum," S Hitman's Journal, 3d series, vol. civ., 161. 

1873. " O n the Distribution of Chemical Force in 
Spectrum," Silliman's Journal, 3d series, vol. cv., 
25,91. 

Besides these he published in 1844 a volume entitled 
" A Treatise on the Forces which Produce the Organi- 
zation of Plants." In this were collected many of his 
memoirs on photo-chemical and other subjects, and 
among them : — 

" On the Influence of Physical Agents on Organiza- 
tion and Life." 

" On the Action of the Sunbeams in Producing Or- 
ganized Bodies." 

" On the Mechanical Cause of the Flow of Sap in 
Plants — it is due to the Carbonization of Water on the 
Leaves by the Light of the Sun." 

" On the Physical Constitution of the Sunbeam, and 
on the Prismatic Spectrum." 

" On the Diffraction Spectrum" (with a colored 
plate). 

" Experiments proving that it is in the Yellow Re- 
gion of the Spectrum that Reduction of Carbonic Acid 
by the Leaves of Plants takes place." 

" On the Theory of Ideal or Imaginary Coloration." 

Many of the above memoirs have been translated 
into French, German, Italian, and republished in various 
European journals. 

- In 1856 Dr. Draper published a Treatise on Human 
Physiology, containing, in like manner, the solution of 
many chemico-physiological and physical questions re- 
specting digestion, absorption, the flow of the chyle and 
lymph in their special vessels, the mechanical action of 
the heart, the dependence of circulation on respiration, 
the nature of nervous action, the functions of the differ- 
ent portions of the ear, the tympanum, cochlea, semi- 
circular canals ; the nature of vision, and explanation 
of the functions of different portions of the eye ; the in- 
fluence of physical agents on the organic series. This 
work has been translated into Russian, and is largely 
used in the schools of that country. 
6 



82 

It may be added that Dr. Draper took the first pho- 
tographic portrait of the human face, and thereby laid 
the foundation of what has since become an important 
branch of industry ; the first photograph of the moon ; 
the first photograph of the diffraction spectrum. Simul- 
taneously with Becquerel, he photographed the Fraun- 
hofer fixed lines of the spectrum, and the ultra violet 
ones, and was the first to discover the great bands in 
the ultra red region. 

In the midst of so much scientific activity, Dr. Draper 
has found time for relaxation in purely literary pursuits. 
He has published historical works on the Intellectual 
Development of Europe, and on the American Civil 
War, which have been translated into almost every 
European language ; but these are sujects outside of 
the present memoir. 

Rogers. — There have been five persons of this name 
in the United States who have been more or less inti- 
mately connected with the history of the science by 
their contributions and labors. They are all of one 
family, the father and four sons, whose names are 
familiar the world over. The father — 

Dr. P. K. Rogers was the Professor of Natural 
Philosophy and Chemistry at the College of William 
and Mary in Virginia, from 1819 to 1829. If Dr. 
Rogers had made no other contribution to the progress 
of chemistry in the United States than to have trained 
four sons to the pursuits of science, he has left record 
which is probably without a parallel. But we know 
that he was an able and faithful teachei; of the science, 
and his labors live in the lives of his pupils. 

Wm. B. Rogers, so well known in many departments 
of scientific research in this country, 'succeeded his 
father in the same chair at William and Mary, where 
he remained until his transfer to the University of Vir- 
ginia at Charlottesville, in 1836. His scientific labors 
have been largely geological and physical, but he has 
also conducted many chemical researches, both alone 
and in connection with his brothers Robert E. and 
Henry D. Rogers. We note the following researches 
by himself alone : — 

" On the Existence of Bi-malate of Lime in the Ber- 
ries of the Sumac (Rhus glabrum and R. Copalh'num) 
and the Mode of Procuring it from them in the Crys- 
talline Form." (Am. Journ. Sci., xxvii., 1835, PP- 
294-299.) 

" Apparatus for Analyzing Marl and other Carbon- 



83 

ates," and "Self-filling Syphon for Chemical Analysis." 
(Am. Jour. Sci., xxvii. 299-303.) 

"Analysis of (recent) Shells." (1834, J. wi. Jour. 
Sri., xx vi. 361.) 

" On the connection of Thermal Springs, in Virginia, 
with Anticlinal Axes and Faults." (1843, Reports 
Am. Asso. Geol. and Nat., pp. 323-347.) In this im- 
portant memoir Prof. Eogers gives in a tabular form 
the results of his Analysis of twenty-eight of the Vir- 
ginia thermals, and points out particularly the prepon- 
derance of free nitrogen among the gaseous contents, 
much exceeding the C0 2 and H 2 S in volume. This 
paper contains but a small part of the chemical work 
of the years when, as geologist of Virginia, Prof. 
Rogers was engaged in an examination of the thermal 
waters of that vast State. Unfortunately for science 
the arrest of that work has kept the full results of Prof. 
Rogers' labors from seeing the light. 

"On Ozone Observations" (1858, Edirib. N. Phil. 
Jour., vii. 35-42). The experiments detailed in the 
treatise confirm the observations of M. Cloez (Ann. de 
Chem., 1857, 1. pp. 80-96), showing that the effects 
supposed to be due to ozonized oxygen evolved from 
growing plants are really due to sunlight and mois- 
ture. 

"An account of Apparatus and Processes for the 
Chemical and Photometrical Testing of Illuminating 
Gas." (Brit. Asso. Report, 1864, ii. p. 39.) 

Many minor papers by Prof. R. will be found in the 
Journ. of the Franklin Inst., Proceed. Am. Phil. Soc, 
of the Am. Acad., and Am. Ass. 

W. B. Rogers and Robert E. Rogers. — These chem- 
ists have together published a number of important 
chemical contributions, relating chiefly to new or im- 
proved methods in chemical analysis and research. 
Such is their 

" New Process for Obtaining Pure Chlorine." (Sill. 
Jour., 2, i. 428, 1840.) 

" On a New Process for obtaining Formic Acid, and 
on the Preparation of Aldehyd and Acetic Acid by 
the Use of Bichromate of Potassa." (Sill. Jour., 2, ii. 
pp. 18-24.) 

" On the Absorption of Carbonic Acid by Liquids." 
Part I. (Sill. Journ., 2, vi. pp. 96-109.) Part II. is in 
Proc. Am. Ass., 1850, pp. 298-311. 

" Oxydation of the Diamond in the Liquid Way." 
(Proc. Am. Asso., vi. no.) 



8 4 

" On the Decomposition of Eocks by Meteoric 
Waters." (Proc. Am. Ass., 1848, p. 60; Sill. Journ., 
2, v. 401.) 

"On the Volatility of Potassa and Soda and their 
Carbonates." (Proc. Am. Ass., 1848, pp. 36-38.) 

" On the Use of Hydrogen Gas and Carbonic Acid 
Gas, to Displace Sulphuretted Hydrogen in the Analysis 
of Mineral Water," etc. [Sill. Jour., 2, xviii. 213- 
216, 1854.) 

" On a New Method of Determining Carbon in Gra- 
phite." (Sill. Journ , 2, v. 352.) This process turns out 
to be one of the best methods known of determining 
carbon in the analysis of cast-iron, and is now in con- 
stant use in many laboratories for this purpose. 

" On the Oxydation of the Diamond in the Liquid 
Way." (Sill. Journ., 2, vi. no.) Chromic acid is the 
agent used. 

" On New Instruments and Processes for the Analysis 
of the Carbonates." (Sill. Journ.; 1, xlvi. 346-359.) 

Eobert B. Rogers and M. H. Boye. — " On the An- 
alysis of Limestone, especially of the Magnesian kind, 
and a method of completely separating limes from 
Magnesia, where both are present in large quantity." 
(Frank. Inst. Journ., 1840, xxv. pp. 158-162.) 

Robert E. Rogers and James B. Rogers. — " On the 
Alleged Insolubility of Copper in Hydrochloric Acid, 
and on Fuch's Method of Analyzing Iron Ores." (Sill. 
Journ., 2, vi. pp. 395 (abstract), and Am. Asso. Proc, 
Philadelphia, 1848. 

Henry D. Rogers wrote chiefly on geology, to 
which science his contributions are among the most im- 
portant made in the United States. The joint memoir 
by himself and Wm. B. Rogers on the structure of the 
Appalachian, presented at the Boston Meeting of the 
American Association of Geologists and Naturalists in 
1843 (Trans., pp. 474-532), is too well known to re- 
quire comment from us. 

In connection with his brother, W. B. Rogers, Prof. 
H. D. Rogers in 1835 communicated an important 
chemico-physical paper entitled " Experimental Inquiry 
into some of the Laws of the Elementary Yoltaic Bat- 
tery." (Sill. Journ., 1, xxvii. pp. 39-61.) 

Some years before his death (in May, 1868) Prof. H. 
D. Rogers removed to Scotland, where, in 1857, he as- 
sumed the duties of the chair of geology and natural 
history. His enduring monument as a man of science is 
found in the " Report on the Geology of Pennsylvania." 
(3 vols. 4to. and atlas.) 



85 

It will never be forgotten that the Massachusetts In- 
stitute of Technology owes its conception and successful 
inauguration amoug the science-teaching institutions of 
America almost solely to the personal efforts of Prof. 
Wm. B. Rogers, who presided over its councils until 
compelled a few years since by failing health to resign 
its arduous duties. 

John Johnston, Professor of Chemistry at Wesleyan 
University, Middletown, Connecticut, has published the 
following articles in the American Journal of Sci- 
ence : — 

1836. [1] Yol. xxx. p. 387. Description of a large 
Crystal of Columbite. 

1839. [1] Vol. xxxviii. 297. Description of Appa- 
ratus for preparing liquid and solid C0 2 . 

1838. [1] Yol. xxxiv. 86. Description of a peculiar 
Air-pump. 

1 84 1. [1] xl. 41. Description of Precious Beryl. 
1864. [11] xxxvii. 115. Electric Properties of Py- 

roxilin Paper. 

Prof. Johnston has also published : — 

1840. Text-book of Chemistry; on the Basis of 
Dr. Turner's Elements of Chemistry. This has been 
revised three or four times in as many new editions. 

Elements of Chemistry; an abridgment of the fore- 
going. 

James C. Booth, Ph.D., Philadelphia. — Dr. Booth 
has contributed the following papers which we have 
found, and probably others of which I have no notice. 

1836. On the Deutarseniuret of Nickel, from Riechels- 
dorf in Hessia. Sill. Journ. [i],xxix. 241. 

1 841. Analysis of Various Ores of Lead, Silver, 
Copper, Zinc, Iron, etc., from King's Mine, Davidson 
County, North Carolina. Ibid. [1], xli. 348. 

1842. On Beet Root Sugar. Journ. Frank. Inst., 
and Sturgeon, Ann. Elect., v. 388. 

1842. Chrome Iron Analysis. Ibid. 

1848. Constitution of Glycerine and Oily Acids. 
Journ. Frank. Inst., xx. 365. 

1852. On Remingtonite, a New Cobalt Mineral. 
Sill. Journ. [2],xiv. 38. 

In joint authorship with Martin H. Boye. 

1842. Analysis of Well Water in Philadelphia. 
Journ. Frank. Inst. [3], iii. 249. 

1842. On the Extraction and Decolonization of Gela- 
tine. Ibid., May, 1842. 

1842. On the Preparation of Aluminous Mordants. 
Ibid. 



86 

1843. Conversion of Benzoic Acid into Hippuric 
Acid. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc, iii. 129. 

1844. Analysis of Three Kinds of Feldspar. Ibid., 
ii. 53. 

In joint authorship with T. H. Garrett : — 
1862. Experiments on Illumination with Mineral Oils. 
Journ. Frank. Inst., xxv. 193. 
In joint authorship with C. Morfitt. 
1853. On the Analysis of Oast Iron. Ibid. [3], xxv. 

I93> 2 47, 3 J 7- 

1862. Eecent Improvements in the Chemical Arts. 
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 

In joint editorship with Martin H. Boye. 

1844. The Encyclopedia of Chemistry. Phila., 8vo. 

Report on the Geology of Delaware with Chemical 
Notes. 8vo. 

Charles T. Jackson, Boston. — Dr. Jackson was one of 
the earliest chemists in the United States to open a labo- 
ratory (1838) for instruction and research in analytical 
chemistry in Boston, where several of the active men of 
our time obtained their first lessons in the art of chemi- 
cal analysis. Most of Dr. Jackson's contributions to 
chemistry have been made in connection with the work 
of the Geological Surveys of which he had charge, as 
those of Rhode Island, Maine, New Hampshire, Lake 
Superior, etc. His memoir, in connection with Francis 
Alger, on the Geology and Mineralogy of Nova Scotia 
was an important contribution to science, and gave us 
our first exact knowledge of that interesting region. 
He has been recognized and decorated by many Euro- 
pean governments as the discoverer of the anaesthetic 
powers of ether. His alcohol blast-lamp for alkaline 
fusions of silicates was a powerful heating apparatus 
which, before the introduction of street gas into labora- 
tory use, was a familiar instrument in most analytical 
laboratories in America. In the Royal Society Cata- 
logue there are sixty-nine titles under Dr. Jackson's 
name of papers prior to 1863. These are scattered in 
the pages of many journals and transactions, and relate 
mostly to mineral analyses. He first demonstrated, by 
his analysis of the meteoric iron of Alabama, the pres- 
ence of chlorine as a factor in this class of bodies. He 
was long an active member, and for many years the 
President, of the Boston Society of Natural History, in 
whose Proceedings many of his contributions appeared. 
He has for some time been an inmate of an insane 
asylum, his case being regarded as hopeless. 



87 

James Blake, of San Francisco, is one of the few 
chemists in this country who has undertaken researches 
on the difficult department of physiological chemistry 
by experiments on the living subject. As early as 1839 
he published " Observations on the Physiological Effects 
of Various Agents Introduced into the Circulation a% 
Indicated by the Ha?madynamometer," and " Experi- 
mental Researches on the Mode of Operation of 
Poisons." Dr. Blake is the pioneer in this line of re- 
search. 

Dr. Blake has also published " On Electrical Currents 
Produced during the Process of Fermentation and 
Vegetation. " (Phil. Mag., London, xii. pp. 539-541.) 

His important memoir* " On the Effects of Various 
Saline Substances Injected into the Circulatory System" 
proves that there exists a close relation between the 
chemical properties of the substances experimented 
upon and their physiological effects ; his experiments, 
going to prove that when introduced into the blood sub- 
stances which are isomorphous exert similar actions on 
the living tissues ; and that salts with the same base 
have analogous actions. 

He tested the action of salts of magnesia, which were 
found, when introduced in any quantity into the blood, 
to arrest the action of the heart, with complete prostra- 
tion of muscular power. The salts of zinc, isomorphous 
with those of magnesia, have a similar action, but pro- 
duce the same effects in smaller quantities. The salts 
of copper, of lime, of strontia, of baryta, and of lead 
are considered in the order in which they are more 
closely related by their physiological actions. The 
peculiar action which the salts of the three last named 
substances exercise upon the muscular tissues, occasion- 
ing contractions in them during many minutes after 
death produced by their introduction into the blood. 
These muscular movements were in some cases observed 
forty-five minutes after the cessation of the heart's ac- 
tion. His experiments on the salts of silver and soda 
reveal a remarkable similarity in action upon the pul- 
monary tissue, on the heart, and on the systemic capil- 
laries; for while in the case of all the other salts already 
mentioned, death seems to be 'produced by the destruc- 
tion of the irritability of the heart, the fatal result with 
the salts of silver and soda is the consequence of their 

* Published in the French Archives Generates de Medicine for 
Nov. 1S39. See also Brit. Asso. Kept., 1846, pp. 240-244, and Roy. 
Soc. Proceedings, iv., 1839, p. 155 ; Am. Journ. Med. Sci., 1849. 



action on the tissues of the lungs. The physiological 
actions of the salts of ammonia and of potassa were 
found by Dr. Blake not to correspond with any of the 
preceding. Although agreeing perfectly with one an- 
other in their action upon the heart and the systemic 
capillaries, they differ extremely in their effects on the 
nervous tissues, ammonia being particularly distin- 
guished from all inorganic compounds in this respect, 
and being very analogous to poisons derived from or- 
ganic products, which it also resembles in its chemical 
properties. This last observation respecting ammonia, 
a nitrogenous compound, has received ample confirma- 
tion in the researches of later chemical physiologists, 
and especially in those of Dr. Richardson on the nitrites 
of the alcohol radicals and of Drs. Crum Brown and 
Fraser on the salts of the ammonium bases, derived 
from strychnia, brucia, and other alkaloids. 

Dr. Blake has more recently extended his observa- 
tions on this interesting subject to embrace the mole- 
cular weight as well as the isomorphism of the metallic 
salts and compounds of some of the metalloids. His 
paper will be found in the Am. Jour. Sci. for March, 
1874, and his deductions are : — 

1. In the changes induced in living matter by inor- 
ganic compounds, the character of the change depends 
more on the physical properties of the reagent than on 
its more purely chemical properties. 

2. That the character of the changes is determined 
by the isomorphous relations of the electro-positive 
element of the reagent. ' 

3. That among the compounds of the more purely 
metallic elements, the quantity of substances in the 
same isomorphous group required to produce analogous 
changes in living matter, is less as the atomic weight of 
the electro-positive element increases. 

4. That the action of inorganic compounds on living 
matter appears not to be connected with the changes 
they produce in the proximate elements of the solids 
and fluids, when no longer forming part of a living body, 
at least in so far as our present means of research en- 
able us to judge. 

5. That in living matter we possess a reagent capable 
of aiding us in our investigations on the molecular pro- 
perties of substances. 

Wolcott Gibbs, Rumford Professor at Harvard Col- 
lege, has published : — 
1840. "A Description of a New Form of Magneto- 



8 9 

Electric Machiue, and an Account of a Carbon Battery 
of considerable energy, commuuicated for this journal 
by Oliver "Woloott Gibbs, member of the junior class in 
Columbia College." Am. Journ. Sci. [i], xxxix. 132. 
This was the first mention of the use of carbon as the 
negative element in a voltaic couple. 

1845. Dissertation on a Natural System of Chemical 
Classification. Brochure, New York, and Am. Journ. 
Sci. [1], xlix. 384. 

1847. Chemischer-Mineralogischer Untersuchungen. 
Pogg. Ann., lxxi. pp. 559-67. 

1849. Analysis of Dust of a Sirocco which fell at 
Malta May 16th, 1846. Sill. Journ. [2], xi., 374, 1851. 
Also, Abhandlungen der Akad., Berlin, 1847, an d 
Pogg. Ann., loc. cit. 

185 1. January 1st Dr. Gibbs announced his inten- 
tion to prepare for the columns of the American Jour- 
nal of Science "Abstracts of the more important phys- 
ical and chemical papers contained in foreign scientific 
journals, accompanied by references and by such critical 
observations as the occasion may demand." Am. Jour. 
[2], xi. 105. This purpose was steadily carried out by 
Dr. Gibbs for over twenty years ; his well-known initials, 
W. G., appearing in almost every subsequent issue of 
the American Journal of Science, until 1873 : au i m - 
portant service to science, the value of which was 
greatly enhanced by his notes and criticisms, which, of 
themselves, form a valuable contribution to chemistry. 
These abstracts and notes cover over 500 closely printed 
pages. It is far beyond our limits to cite all these 
" Notes" in detail. They are all referred to in the de- 
cade Indices of the Journal. 

1852. Contributions to Analytical Chemistry. Am. 
Journ. Sci. [2], xiv. 204; also, Pogg. Ann., lxxviii. 
162. 

1854. Note on a New Electro-Chronometric Method. 
Proc. Am. Assn. Adv. Sci., viii. 103. 

1854. On the Yolumetric Determination of Nitric, 
Arsenic, Antimonic, and Stannic Acids, and on the 
Separation of Manganese, Cobalt, and Nickel. Ibid., 
viii. 247. 

1854. On two New General Methods of Chemical 
Analysis. Ibid., 248. These two papers were read 
but not printed in the volume of Proceedings, the titles 
only appearing there. 

1855. Eeport on the Recent Progress of Organic 
Chemistry. Ibid., ix. 37-61. 



90 

1858. On the Theory of the Polyacid Bases. Ibid., 
xii. 190-197. In this paper the author relegates the 
discovery of the theory of water-types to Dr. Sterry 
Hunt ; having, in his Report on the Progress of Organic 
Chemistry, read at Providence, ascribed it to Gerhardt 
and Williamson. 

1858. Preliminary Notice of New Bases, containing 
Metals Associated with Ammonia. Ibid., xii. 197-200. 

1858. On the Rational Constitution of Certain Or- 
ganic Compounds. Am. Journ. Sci. [2], xxv. 18-38. 

1857. In joint authorship with F. A. Genth. "Re- 
searches on the Ammonia-cobalt Bases" (for full re- 
ferences see Genth). 

1858. Also with Genth. Preliminary notice of a 
New Base, containing Osmium and the Elements of 
Ammonia. Am. Journ. Sci. [2], xxv. 248. 

i860. Researches on the Platinum Metals (pre- 
liminary note.) Am. Journ. Sci. [2], xxix. 427. 

1 86 1. Remarks on the Atomic "Weights of the 
Elements. Am. Journ. Sci. [2], xxxi. 248-256. 

1861. Researches on the Platinum Metals. \ 1 and 
\ 2. Am. Journ. Sci. [2], xxxi. 63-70. 

1862. The same continued, \ 3. Ibid., xxxiv. 341- 
356. 

1864. The same continued, \ 3. Ibid., xxxvii. 57- 
61. 

[This memoir was destined to appear in the Smith- 
sonian Contributions, and was permitted by that Insti- 
tution to appear in advance in the Am. Journ. Sci. 
Reference to it will be found in Smithsonian Reports 
for 1859, p. 35, and i860, p. 39. The conclusion of 
the research has not yet been published.] 

1864. " Contributions to Chemistry, from the La- 
boratory of the Lawrence Scientific School," viz.: — 

1. "On the Relations of Hyposulphite of Soda to 
certain Metallic Oxides." 

2. " On the Determination of Nitrogen by Weight." 

3. " On the Separation of Cerium from Didymium and 
Lanthanum." 

4. " On the Separation and Estimation of Cerium." 

5. " On the Quantitative Separation of Cerium 
from Yttrium, Aluminium, Glucinum, Manganese, Iron, 
and Uranium." 

6. " On the Employment of Fluoride of Potassium in 
Analysis." Am. Journ. Sci. [2], xxxvii. 344-358. 

1865. " Contributions to Chemistry from the Labora- 
tory of the Lawrence Scientific School, No. 2," viz. : — 



9i 

i. " On the Separation of Chromium from Aluminium 
and Iron. etc. etc." 

2. " On the Employment of Sodium for the Separa- 
tion of Iron and Aluminium from other Bases." 

3. " On the Separation of Manganese from Cobalt, 
Nickel, and Zinc." 

4. " On the Separation of Cobalt from Nickel." 

5. " On the Separation of Uranium from Cobalt and 
Nickel." 

6. " On the Electrolytic Precipitation of Copper and 
Nickel as a Method of Analysis." Am. Journ. Sci. [2], 
xxxix. 58-65. 

1867. On the Construction of a Normal Map of the 
Solar Spectrum. Au abstract of a memoir read 
before the National Academy of Sciences, Aug. 7, 1866. 
Am. Journ. Sci. [2], xliii. 1-10. 

1867. Contributions to Chemistry from the Lawrence 
Scientific School. No. 3, viz.: — 

1. " On a New General Method of Volumetric An- 
alysis." 

2. " On the Precipitation of Copper by Hypophos- 
phorous Acid." 

3. " On the Precipitation of Copper and Nickel by 
Alkaline Carbonates." 

4. " On the Employment of Sand and Glass Filters 
in Quantitative Analysis." 

5. "On the Estimation of Manganese as Pyrophos- 
phate." Am. Journ. Sci. [2], xliv. 207-217. 

1867. " On certain points in the Theory of Atomici- 
ties." Ibid... pp. 409-416. 

1868. '• On the Measurement of Wave-lengths by the 
Method of Comparison." Abstract of a paper read 
before the National Academy of Sciences, Aug. 16, 
1867. Ibid., xlv. 298-301. 

1868. "On the Molecular Structure of Uric Acid 
and its Derivatives." Ibid., xlvi. 289-298. 

1869. " On the Wave-lengths of the Spectral Lines 
of the Elements." Ibid., xlvii. 194-218. 

1869. Contributions to Chemistry from the Labora- 
tory of the Lawrence Scientific School, viz.: — 

" On the Action of Alkaline Nitrites upon Uric 
Acid and its Derivatives." Ibid., xlviii. 215-226. 

1870. " Contributions to Chemistry, from the La- 
boratory of the Lawrence Scientific School," viz. : — 

1. On a Simple Method of avoiding Observations of 
Temperature and Pressure in Gas Analysis. 

2. On the Application of Sprengel's Mercurial Pump 
in Analysis. Ibid., xlix. 370-371. 



9 2 

1870. "Miscellaneous Optical Notices." Ibid., I. 
45-54- 

1873. Analytical Notices, viz. : — 

1. On the Quantitative Estimation of Chromium and 
the Separation of Chromium from Uranium. 

2. On the Estimation of Magnesium as Pyrophos- 
phate. Ibid. [3], v. 110-117. 

1873. "Researches of the Hexatomic Compounds of 
Cobalt" (being Part II. of the Researches on the Am- 
monia Cobalt Bases, by Gibbs and Genth). Ibid., vi. 
1 16-126. 

1874. The same continued. Ibid. [3], viii. 189, 
200, and 284-296. 

James Lawrence Smith, Louisville, Ky. — Dr. Smith's 
name appears as a contributor to chemistry as early as 
1841, when he wrote "On the Means of Detecting Arsenic 
in the Human Body," while he was yet a student in medi- 
cine in Paris. From that date to the present chemical 
readers are familiar with his contributions and re- 
searches, which have been both varied and important. 
For some years Dr. Smith was the chemical correspond- 
ent of the American Journal of Science in Europe. 
He has quite recently published a volume of his more 
important papers under the title of " Mineralogy and 
Chemistry, Original Researches," Louisville, Ky.. 1873, 
8vo., pp. 401. This volume contains the titles of forty- 
seven memoirs and papers. It opens with a memoir on 
Emery communicated to the Academy of Sciences of 
the French Institute in 1850. Before Dr. Smith's resi- 
dence in Asia Minor very little was accurately known 
of the geology, mineralogy, and chemical history of 
emery. By this memoir, in two parts, we are put in 
possession of an exact and full history of its geology, 
mineralogy, and chemical constitution, as well as of 
that of its associated minerals, with descriptions of new 
species, and many chemical analyses. In this research 
Dr. Smith devised a new method for determining the 
effective hardness of emery, and adopted, after many 
trials, the mode of attack by sodic-bisulphate as the 
only satisfactory means of breaking up the constitution 
of emery in an ultimate analysis. In the report^ of the 
commission of the Academy, Messrs. Cordier, Elie de 
Beaumont, and Dufr6noy, to whom Dr. Smith's memoir 
was referred, it is spoken of in terms of high encomium, 
and its insertion in the Me'moire des Savants stran- 
gers was recommended. 

In 1866 Dr. Smith extended his researches upon 



93 

emery and its associate minerals to the interesting mine 
of that substance at Chester, Mass., first made known 
by Dr. C. T. Jackson, and this paper properly follows 
that on the emery of Asia Minor. 

The minerals of Chili collected by the Astronomical 
Expedition to that country under Gillis were submitted 
to Dr. Smith for examination, and the results appeared 
in the first volume of Gillis's Eeport. They are now 
made accessible in Dr. Smith's volume of Memoirs. 

The chemical examination of the " Thermal "Waters 
of Asia Minor" has made known for the first time the 
constitution of some of the oldest thermals of a district 
renowned from the earliest historic period as the resort 
of invalids. 

The most extended memoir in Dr. Smith's volume is 
that on the " Ee-examination of American Minerals," 
which covers 76 pages of the work. The first part of 
this research was made jointly with Mr. Geo. J. Brush 
in 1853, at the University of "Virginia, where Dr. Smith 
was then in charge of the chemical chair, and the paper 
appeared originally in the XYth and XVIth volumes of 
the American Journal of Science, in three parts. It 
included examinations, with analyses, of thirty-seven 
mineral species, or reputed species, the joint work of 
Smith and Brush, forming at the time the most impor- 
tant contribution to mineral chemistry yet made by any 
American chemists. The subsequent portion of this 
memoir is occupied with an examination, both physical 
and chemical, of the minerals of the Wheatley mine, and 
with the analyses of certain other species, the exclusive 
work of Dr. Smith. In these analyses the method used 
for the determination of the alkaline elements is that 
known as Smith's method, a detailed statement of which 
is given in a separate paper, pp. 200-221 of this volume, 
on the " Determination of Alkalies in Minerals," with a 
supplemental paper on the same subject " by ignition 
with carbonate of lime and sal-ammoniac" on pp. 293- 
401. These methods have passed into the literature of 
analytical chemistry. The American edition of Fre- 
senius, by Johnson, says of the last named process, 
" Prof. Smith's method is by far the most convenient 
and accurate for separating alkalies from a silicate, and 
is universally applicable, except, perhaps, in presence 
of boracic acid." p. 303, vol. ii. 

Dr. Smith's memoirs and researches upon meteorites 
have added much to our former knowledge of this inter- 
esting class of bodies, and are too well known to require 



94 

more detailed mention here. Over one hundred pages 
of his volume of " Original Researches" are devoted to 
these memoirs. 

Dr. Smith has added many ingenious appliances to 
our art in the way of apparatus, none of which is, per- 
haps, more noteworthy than his inverted microscope for 
chemical work. 

Of his contributions to technical chemistry it is not 
our purpose to speak here, but his report on the " Pro- 
gress and Condition of Several Departments of Indus- 
trial Chemistry," forming one of the series of documents 
published by the United States Government on the 
Paris Exposition of 1867, is familiar to all. 

With Dr. Smith's volume of memoirs at hand, it is 
hardly needful to give here a detailed list of titles of 
his papers. 

Traill Green, Lafayette College, Easton, Pa. — Prof. 
Green's papers are as follows : — 

On the Atmosphere in Relation to Vegetation. 

On Carbon and its Compounds. The Educator. 

On Humine or Geine, the Food of Plants. Agricul- 
turist. 

On the Manufacture of Sugar from the Potato. 

On Spontaneous Combustion. 

Martin H. Boye, Ph.D., Philadelphia.— Dr. Boye's 
chemical papers have mostly been in joint authorship 
with others. I find the following titles : — 

1846. Acetate of Lime formed in Coal Pits. Proc. 
Chem. Phil. Soc, iv. 239. 

1846. Oxide of Cobalt, with Brown Hematite, of 
Chester Ridge, Pa. Ibid. 

1844. Analysis of the Bittern of a Saline on the 
Kiskiminetas River, near Freeport, Pa. Sill. Journ. 
[2], vii. 74, and Proc. Am. Asso. Adv. Set., 1848. 

1850. Analysis of Schuylkill "Water. Sill. Journ. [2], 
lx. 123. 

In joint authorship with Clark Hare. 

1842. On the Perchlorate of the Oxide of Ethyl, or 
Perchloric Ether. Ibid. [1], xlii. 63. 

1842. On the Perchlorate of the Oxide of Ethyl, or 
Perchloric Ether. Ibid. With R. E. Rogers. 

1842. On Magnesian Limestones. Journ. Frank. Inst 

1842. On Magnesian Limestones. Ibid. With H. 
D. Rogers. 

1841. New Compound of Deuto-chloride of Platinum, 
Nitric Oxide, and Chlorohydric Acid. Am. Phil. 
Trans., viii. 59-65. 



95 

1846. New Compound of Deuto-chloride of Platinum, 
Nitric Oxide, and Chlorohydric Acid. Ibid. With 0. 
M. Wetherill. 

1846. Analysis of a Concretion from a Horse's 
Stomach. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, ix. 330. "With J. C. 
Booth (see under Booth). 

Bexjamix Sillimax. — Professor of Chemistry, Yale 
College, New Haven, Conn. His chemical and physical 
papers are — 

1 841. Electrography, or the Electrotype. Am. Journ. 
Sci. [i], xl. 157-164. 

1841. Analysis of the Soil of the Nile. Ibid., 190. 

1842. A Daguerreotype Experiment by Galvanic 
Light (with Dr. W. H. Goode). Ibid., xliii. 185. 

This experiment was made in 1840, and is the earliest 
record of the fact, then an unexpected result, that the 
voltaic arc has photographic efficacy. 

1842. On the Use of Carbon in Grove's Battery. 
Ibid., xliii. 393. 

1843. Description of a Carbon Voltaic Battery. Ibid., 
xliv. 180-186. 

1844. Be view of Dana's Mineralogy. Ibid., xlvi. 
362-388. 

1844. Analysis of Meteoric Iron from Burlington, 
Otsego Co., N.Y. Ibid., xlvi. 401. 

1845. Analysis of Blue Mud of New Haven Harbor. 
Ibid., xlviii. 337. 

1845. Notice of a Mass of Meteoric Iron found at 
Cambria, near Lockport, in the State of New York. 
Ibid., xlviii. 388-392. 

1845. Analysis of the "Water of the Dead Sea. Ibid., 
10. 

1846. On the Chemical Composition of Calcareous 
Corals. Ibid. [2], i. 1 89-199. 

This investigation was undertaken upon the zoophites, 
collected by Prof. Dana on the Wilkes Exploring Ex- 
pedition, and appeared in the work on Zoophites by 
that author. By it the occurrence of phosphoric acid 
and fluorine as constant factors of these organisms was 
first demonstrated. 

1846. Chemical Examination of Several Natural 
Waters. (Report of the (Boston) Water Commis- 
sioners.) Ibid. [2], ii. 218-224. 

1846. On the Meteoric Iron of Texas and Lockport 
(with T. S. Hunt). Ibid. [2], ii. 370-376. 

1847. Hydrate of Nickel, a New Mineral. (Emerald 
Nickel.) Ibid. [2], iii. 407. 



9 6 

1847. "First Principles of Chemistry." A chemical 
manual revised in 1850 and 1853, and in which the fun- 
damental ideas of the so-called " New Chemistry" were 
first distinctly brought out in a text-book in the organic 
portion prepared by Dr. Hunt. Over fifty thousand 
copies of this manual were distributed. 

1847. Description (and analysis) of a Meteoric Stone 
which fell in Concord, New Hampshire, in October, 
1846. Ibid. [2], iv. 353. 

1848. On Chloroform. Ibid. [2], v. 240. 

1849. On Gibbsite and Allophane, from Richmond, 
Mass. Ibid. [2], vii. 411-417. 

1849. Description and Analysis of Several American 
Minerals. The subjects treated of in this article are 
as follows : — 

I. Description and Analyses of Several Mineral 
Species belonging to the family of Micas. 

II. Description and Analyses of Unionite, a new 
mineral species. 

III. Description and Analyses of a Species resem- 
bling Worthite. 

IV. Identity of Sillimanite, Bucholzite, and Fibro- 
lite with Kyanite. 

V. Analysis of a Granular Albite, associated with 
Corundum of Pennsylvania, and a new Analysis of the 
Indianite of Bournon. 

VI. On Boltonite and Thomson's Bisilicate of Mag- 
nesia. 

VII. On Nuttalite of Brooke. 

Ibid. [2], viii. 377-394. 

1850. On the New Mineral Lancasterite. Ibid., ix. 
216. 

1850. Optical Examination of Several American 
Species. Ibid. [2], 372-383. 

In this memorial the specific characters of Muscovite, 
Phlogopite, and Biotite, were first distinctly demon- 
strated as resting on optical phenomena. 

1850. Analysis of Emerylite. Ibid., p. 117. 

185 1. On Mammoth Cave. Ibid. [2], xi. 332-340. 

1852. Daguerreotypes by Galvanic Light. Ibid. ,417. 
1852. An Excursion on Etna. Ibid. [2], xii. 178. 

1857. Notice of a Photometer, and of some Experi- 
ments therewith upon the Comparative Power of several 
artificial means of Illumination (with Chas. H. Por- 
ter). Ibid. [2], xxiii. 315. 

1858. First Principles of Natural Philosophy, and — 
i860. New edition of the same. 



97 

1859- Meteor of Aug. n, 1859. Ibid. [2], xxviii. 
300. 

i860. On the Combustion of Wet Fuel in the Fur- 
nace of Moses Thompson. Ibid. [2], xxx. 243-253. 

i860. Note on the Loss of Light by Glass Shades. 
Ibid., 423. 

1865. Examination of Petroleum from California. 
Ibid., xxxix. 341. 

1866. On Gaylussite from Nevada Territory. Ibid. 
[2], xlii. 220. 

1867. On Naphtha and Illuminating Oil from heavy 
California Tar (Maltha). Ibid. [2], xliii. 242. 

1869. On the EfFect of Atmospheric Air when mixed 
with Gas in Reducing its Illuminating Power. (Joint 
paper with H. Wurtz.) Ibid. [2], xlviii. 41. 

1869. Note on Wollongonite, a remarkable Hydro- 
carbon from N. South Wales. Ibid., 85. 

1870. On the Relation between the Intensity of Light 
produced from the Combustion of Illuminating Gas 
and the volume of Gas consumed. Ibid. [2], xlix. 17-24. 

1870. On Flame Temperatures in their Relations to 
Composition and Luminosity (jointly with Henry 
Wurtz). Ibid., 339-347. 

1870. Note on Mr. Stimpson's Paper on Farmer's 
Theorem. Ibid. [2], 377. 

1870. On the Determination of the Photometric 
Power of a Rich Gas by Dilution with a Poor Gas of 
known value. Ibid., 379. 

1873. On the Meteoric Iron found near Shingle 
Springs, Eldorado County, California. Ibid. [3], 18. 

1873. Mineralogical Notes on Utah, California, and 
Nevada, with a description (and analyses) of Priceite, 
a new Borate of Lime. Ibid., 126-133. 

1874. Mineralogical Notes. Tellurium ores from 
Colorado. Ibid. [3], 25. 

In the Amer. Chemist, July, 1871, vii. p. 18. 23 : — 

1871. " Report on the Rock Oil, or Petroleum, from 
Venango County, Pa." 

This is a reproduction of a printed but unpublished 
report of 1855 (April), which is believed to. be the 
earliest investigation into the chemical and physical 
properties of American petroleum, then collected only 
in surface pools, of a dark color and viscous quality, 
long before any Artesian borings had made known the 
vast extent and importance of this remarkable product. 

F. A. P. Barnard, D.D., LL.D., President of Co- 
lumbia College, New York. Nearly all Dr. Barnard's 
7 



98 

contributions to science, which are numerous and im- 
portant, are physical. We note the following papers 
as falling within the scope of this essay. 

1 841. Improvement in the Daguerreotype process of 
Photography. Am. Journ. Sci. [1], lxi. 352. 

1859. Means ot preventing the Alteration of Me- 
tallic Surfaces as employed to close and break a voltaic 
circuit. Proc. Am. Assn. Adv. Sci., vol. xiii. 18 19, 
208-216. 

Fredk. A. Genth, Professor of Chemistry and Mine- 
ralogy in the University of Pennsylvania, has no supe- 
rior in this country as an analytical chemist. His early 
chemical papers are to be found in the European 
journals, before his coming to America, in Berzelius's 
Jahresbericht ; Liebig's Annalen ; in Leonhard and 
Bronn's Jahrbuch; in Erdmann's Journal, and also in 
the German-American Keller-Tiedemann's Monatsbe- 
richt, etc. In Keller-Tiedemann's Monatsbericht ap- 
peared the first description of the ammonia cobalt bases, 
which he had discovered in Germany, in 1846. His first 
paper which I have seen is, " Chemische Unterschung 
des Masopins eines neuen Hartzartigen Korpers," in 
Wohler and Liebig's Annalen, 1843, 1 16-124. 

Dr. Genth has published most of his papers since 
coming to the United States in the Am. Journ. of Sci. 

1853. "On the Allotropic Modification of Oxide of 
Cobalt" [2], xv. 120. "This corresponds to the allo- 
tropic modification of oxide of nickel," first noticed by 
Dr. Genth in 1845. Ann. der Chem. und Pharm., liii. 

P- 139- 

1853. " On a probable New Element with Iridosmine 
and Platinum, from California." [2], xv. 246. 

1853. " On Rhodophyllite," xv. 438, and Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Phila. 1852, 121. 

1853. "Contributions to Mineralogy: 1. Tetrady- 
mite ; 2. Gray Copper ; 3. Apophyllite ; 4. Allanite" 
[2], xvi. 81-86, and continued; "5. Owenite ; 6. Kam- 
merite, Emerald, Nickel." Ibid., 167. 

1854. " Contributions to Mineralogy: 1. Pyrophyl- 
lite ; 2. Chrysotile ; 3. Scolecite ; 4. Owenite, identical 
with Thuringite" [2], xviii. 410, and continued; "5. 
Tetradymite ; 6. Bismuthine ; 7. Aciculite ; 8. Barn- 
hardite, a new mineral ; 9. Gray Copper (Fahlerz) ; 
10. Geokronite; (?) n. Garnet; 12. Allanite; 13. 
Tungstates of N. Carolina ; 14. Scorodite; 15. Wavel- 
lite." [2], xix. 15. In all these "contributions" are 
numerous and exhaustive analyses of minerals. 



99 

1854- "On a New Meteorite from New Mexico." 
xvii. 239. 

1855. "Analysis of a Meteorite from Tuczon, Province 
of Sonora, Mexico." [2] , xx. 1 10. Also in Pro. Acad. 
Nat. Set., vii. 317. 

1855. " Herrerite identical with Smithsonite." Ibid., 
118. 

1857. " Contributions to Mineralogy : 1. Bismuthine 
from Riddwehyttan in Sweden ; 2. Harrisite (Shepard), 
a Pseudomorph of Copper Glance after Galena ; 3. 
Cantonite, a Pseudomorph of Co velline. after Galena; 
4. Linnseite; 5. Enargite ; (?) 6. Coracite (LeConte) 
is Pitch blende ; 7. Epistilbite ; 8. Shepard's Plumbo- 
Resinite is Cyanosite ; 9. Cherokine (Shepard) is Pyro- 
morphite ; 10. Yivianite ; 11. Wavellite ; 12. Dufren- 
ite ; 13. Hitchcockite (Shepard) ; 14. Lanthanite ; 15. 
Bismuthite." [2], xxiii. 415-427. 

1857. In joint authorship with Wolcott Gibbs. 

"Researches on the Ammonia-cobalt Bases. Part 
I." [2], xxiii. 234-265. Ibid., 319-341 ; concluded 
in xxiv. 86-107. This memoir, more elaborate and 
fuller of new results than any chemical research before 
accomplished in this country, and which occupied the 
leisure of the authors for several years, formed part of 
the ninth volume of the " Smithsonian Contributions 
to Knowledge," from which it was reprinted as above. 

1859. " Contributions to Mineralogy : Whitneyite, a 
New Species." [2], xxvii. 400. 

1859. "Contributions to Mineralogy; 1. Native 
Iron ; 2. Native Bismuth ; 3. Whitneyite ; 4. Barn- 
hardite ; 5. Gersdorffite ; 6. Molybdate of Iron ; 7. 
Albite ; 8. Ripidolite ; 9. Pholerite ; 10. Scheelite; 
11. Rhombic Tungstate of Lime ; 12. "Wolfram; 13. A 
few observations on the occurrence of gold." [2], 
xxviii. 246-255. 

1862. " Contributions to Mineralogy : 1. Gold, pseu- 
domorph after Aikinite ; 2. Antimonial Arsenic and 
Arsenolite ; 3. Arsenids of Copper ; 4. Copper Glance, 
pseudomorphous after galena; 5. Millerite ; 6. Proustite; 
(?) 7. Automolite; 8. Pyrope ; 9. LimeEpidote; 10. 
Leopardite, a true porphyry; 11. Staurotide (?) ; 12. 
Chrysolite and Minerals resulting from its alteration ; 
13. Serpentine; 14. Kerolite; 15. Rammelsberg's 
Mineral Chemie." [2], xxxiii. 190-206. 

1868. "Contributions to Mineralogy, No. VII. — 1. 
Whitneyite ; 2. American Tellurium Minerals. In this 
paper is described Melonite, a new mineral, Ni 2 Te 3 (?); 



100 

Calaverite, a new mineral, AuTe 4 ; Montanite, a new 
mineral Bi0 3 Te0 3 2HO ; and Cosalite, a new mineral 
2PbS + BiS 3 . This paper, like all the former numbers 
of this series, has numerous analyses. 

1870. "North Carolina's Mineral Eesources, etc." 
Franklin Inst. Journ., 1871 and 1872. 

1874. " Contributions from the Laboratory of the 
University of Pennsylvania." 

I. " Corundum, its alterations and associated miner- 
als," Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, September 19, 1874, P- 56, 
with many analyses. 

There are a few other notices in the Pro. of the Acad. 
Nat. Sci., and, on the occurrence of tin in America, 
in the U. S. Kailroad and Mining Eegister, which we 
have not enumerated. 

Henry How, D.C.L., Professor of Chemistry and 
Natural History University of King's College, "Windsor, 
N. S., has published the following papers on chemistry 
and chemical mineralogy : — 

1. Analysis of Ancient Peruvian Alloy. Eead before 
Chemical Society of London, and published in their 
Journal, 1846. 

2. Analysis of the Ashes of the Orange Tree, viz., of 
Root, Stem, Leaves, Fruit, and Seed, in conjunction with 
T. H. Rowney. Read before Chem. Soc. Lond., and 
published in their Journal, 1847. 

3. Analyses of Coals of Great Britain, etc. Pub- 
lished in Blue Books for Houses of Parliament, con- 
taining reports by Sir H. De La Beche and Dr. 
Lyon Playfair on Coals suited to the Steam Navy, 
1848-49. 

4. On certain Salts and Products of Decomposition 
of Comenic Acid. Read before Roy. Soc. Edin., and 
published in Transactions, 1851. 

5. On the Decomposition of Citrate of Lime in con- 
tact with Putrefying Curd. Read before Chem. Soc. 
Lond., and published in their Journal, 1851. 

6. On Meconic Acid and some of its Derivatives. 
Read before Roy. Soc. Edin., and published in Trans- 
actions, 1852. 

7. On some New Basic Compounds, obtained from 
Vegetable Alkaloids. Read before Chemical Soc. 
Lond., and published in their Journal, 1853. 

8. On Platinum accompanying Silver in Solution in 
Nitric Acid. Read before Chemical Soc. Lond., and 
published in their Journal, 1853. 

9. Report on Torbane Hill Mineral, so-called Coal, 



101 

for the Instruction of Counsel in the case of Gillespie 
v. Russell. Edin., 1853. 

10. On the Action of Halogen Compounds of Ethyl, 
and Amyl, on some Vegetable Alkaloids. Read before 
Roy. Soc. Edin., and published in Transactions, 1854. 

11. On the Hyposulphites of the Organic Alkaloids. 
Edin. New Phil. Journ., 1855. 

12. Additional Experiments on the Ethers and 
Amides of Meconic and Comenic Acids. Edin. New 
Phil. Journ., 1855. 

13. On the Occurrence of the Mineral Natro-boro- 
Calcite in Gypsum of Nova Scotia. Am. Journ. Sci., 
and Edin. New. Phil. Journ., 1857. 

14. Chemical Analyses of Farbelite and some other 
Zeolitic Minerals occurring in Nova Scotia. Am. 
Journ. Sci., 1858. 

15. Analysis and Description of Three New Minerals 
from Trap of Bay of Fundy. Edin. New Phil. Journ., 
1859. 

16. On an Oil-Coal from Pictou Co., N. S., and the 
Comparative Composition of Minerals often included in 
the term " Coals." Am. Journ. Sci., and Edin. New 
Phil. Journ., i860. 

17. On the mineral Gysolite occurring in Trap of 
Bay of Fundy. Read before Roy. Soc. Edin. ; pub- 
lished in Am. Journ. Sci., and Edin. New Phil. Journ., 
1861. 

18. On Natro-boro-Calcite and another Mineral, con- 
taining Boracic Acid in Gypsum of Nova Scotia. Read 
before Roy. Soc. Edin. ; published in Am. Journ. Sci., 
and Edin. New Phil. Journ., 1861. 

19. On Pickeringite occurring in Slate in Nova 
Scotia, and on the Class of Salts to which it belongs. 
Read before Chem. Soc. Lond. and published in Qu. 
Journ., 1863. 

20. On some Mineral Waters of N. S. Read before 
Nat. Hist. Soc. Montreal ; pub. in Canadian Natur- 
alist, 1863. 

21. On the Waters of the Mineral Springs of Wilmot, 
N. S. Read before N. S. Inst. Natural Science ; pub. 
in Transactions, 1864. 

22. On Mordenite ; a New Mineral from Trap of N. 
S. Read before Chem. Soc. Lond. ; pub. in Qu. Journ., 
1864. 

23. Notes on the Economic Mineralogy of Nova 
Scotia, Part I., Iron Ores. Read before N. S. Inst. 
Nat. Sci.; published in Transactions, 1864. 



102 

24. Note on Purification of Oxalic Acid. Chemical 
News, 1864. 

25. On a Dense Brine from Salt Springs, N. S. Read 
before Chemical Soc. London ; published in Journal, 
1865. 

26. On some Brine Springs of Nova Scotia. Read 
before N. S. Institute Nat. Sci. ; pub. in Transactions, 
1865. 

27. Notes on Economic Mineralogy N. S., Part II. 
Ores of Manganese. Read before N. S. Inst. ; pub. in 
Transactions, 1865. 

28. Notes on Econ. Min. N. S., Part III. Limestone 
and Marbles. Read before N. S. Inst. ; published in 
Transactions, 1866. 

29. On the Comparative Composition of some Recent 
Shells, a Silurian Fossil Shell, and Shell Limestone 
of Carboniferous Age. Am. Journal of Science, 1866. 

30. Contributions to the Mineralogy of N. S., Part 
I., Pyrolusite, etc. I^ond., Edin., and Bub. Phil. Mag., 
1866. 

31. Contributions to the Mineralogy of N. S., Part 
II., Wichtyne, etc. Lond., Edin., and Dub. Phil. 
Mag., 1867. 

32. Contributions to the Mineralogy of N. S., Part 
III., Silico-boro-calcite, etc. Lond., Edin., and Dub. 
Phil. Mag., 1868. 

33. Notes on Econ. Min. N. S., Part IV., Gypsum 
and Anhydrite. Read before N. S. Inst. Nat. Sci. ; 
pub. in Transactions, 1868. 

34. On an Oxalate of Manganese. Chemical News, 
1869. 

35. On the New Precipitation of Manganese by Sul- 
phide of Ammonium in Presence of some Organic Am- 
moniacal Salts. Chem. News, 1869. 

36. Mineralogy N. S. Report to Provincial Govern- 
ment, pp. 217; Halifax, 1869. 

37. Contributions to Mineralogy N. S., Part IV., 
Lignite, etc. Lond., Edin., and Dub. Phil. Mag., 
1869. 

38. Notes on Econ. Min. N. S., Part V., Coals and 
Allied Minerals. Read before N. S. Inst. Nat. Sci. ; 
pub. in Transactions, 1869. 

39. Contributions to Mineralogy N. S., Part V., 
New Forms of Borates, etc. Lond., Edin., and Dub. 
Phil. Mag., 1870. 

40. Contributions to Mineralogy N. S., Part VL, 
Winkworthite, etc. Lond., Edin., and Dub. Phil. 
Mag., 1 8 71. 



io 3 

4i. On an Acid Feed Water from Stellarton, N. S. 
Read before Chera. Soc. Lond. ; published in their 
Journal, 1870. 

42. On a Water from Coal Measures at Westville, 
N- S. Read before Chem. Soc. Lond. ; pub. in their 
Journal, 18 71. 

43. On Two Coals from Cape Breton, their Cokes and 
Ashes, with some Comparative analyses. Read before 
Chemical Society London ; published in Qu. Journal, 

1874. 

Thomas Sterry Hunt, Professor of Geology at the 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston. — The 
name of no American chemist occurs more frequently, or 
in a more important relation to the progress and develop- 
ment of our science, during the past quarter of a century 
than that of Dr. Hunt. His contributions to our science 
have been equally valuable in theoretical chemistry, in 
chemical philosophy, and in geological and mineralogi- 
cal chemistry. No author has covered a wider range 
than he. Not less than one hundred and thirty entries 
are fouud under his name in the second and third series 
of the American Journal of Science; and adding 
those published in Canada, England, and France, and 
some memoirs in the proceedings of various American 
societies, the total roll of his papers amounts to about 
one hundred and sixty titles. A dry enumeration of 
these would be of little interest ; we will rapidly allude 
to a few of them in the classified order named below. 

I. Theoretical Chemistry. — The, views of Laurent 
and Gerhardt found their first advocacy in this country 
at the hands of Dr. Hunt in his able review of the Precis 
of the latter in 1847 (Amer. Journ. Sci. [2], iv. 93-1 71), 
and his own papers in the years next following have 
contributed in no small degree to extend the bounds of 
theoretical chemistry and its philosophy. We mention 
in particular his paper " On the Anomalies in the 
Atomic Volume of Sulphur and Nitrogen." in 1848 
[Amer. Journ. Sci. [2], vi. pp. 170-178). This paper 
contains also remarks on Chemical Classification and a 
notice of Laurent's Theory of Binary Molecules. In 
his paper, 2. " On some Principles to be considered 
in Chemical Classification," read at the Philadelphia 
meeting of the American Association, etc., in 1848, 
Dr. Hunt freely criticizes the systems of Liebig and of 
the French school, the rather to show their merits than 
their defects, and to exhibit their real harmony with each 
other and with nature. In this paper he advances his 



104 

own views, showing what we all now recognize as the 
true constitution of gaseous nitrogen — NN — and that 
the various saline forms are reducible to two, the types 
of which are seen in water, H 2 0, and the protoxyds, 
M 2 0, and in the hydrogen, H 2 , or the metals M 2 , the 
first including all the oxygenized acids, and the second, 
the hydracids. 3. " On the Chemical Constitution 01 
Gelatine and its Transformations." 

4. " Eemarks on the Constitution of Leucine and the 
Ureas" {American Journal of Science [2], ix. 63-67). 

5. " On the Compound Ammonias and the Bodies of 
the Cacodyle Series," published in 1852 (Amer. Journ. 
Sci. [2], xiii. 206-211). 

6. "On the Action of Sulphuretted Hydrogen upon 
Nitric Acetene," published in 1847, Amer. Journ. Sci. 
[2],iv. 350. 

7. " On the Decomposition of Aniline by Nitrous 
Acid." 

The last investigation points out a new mode of de- 
composition of organic bases, and in the case cited 
phenol was regenerated. 

8. " On the Theoretical Kelations of Water and Hy- 
drogen." In this paper, published in March, 1854, Dr. 
Hunt reviews the opinions of the European chemists 
on the water-type, and reclaims (Dec. 30, 1853) for 
himself the priority of authorship in this important con- 
ception which the English edition of Gmelin's Hand- 
book (vol. vii. pp. 17 and 201) ascribes to Williamson. 

9. " On the Theory of Types in Chemistry," is the 
title of a memoir of Dr. Hunt's, dated January 5, 1861 
(Amer. Journ. Sci. [2], xxxi. pp. 256-263), in which he 
ably reviews the history of the subject, and shows that in 
the series of papers whose titles are above quoted, 1 to 9, 
were first developed the views of the water-type and of 
multiple or condensed types which were subsequently 
adopted by Williamson, Gerhardt, and Ad. Wurtz. Dr. 
W. Gibbs, in an essay presented by him at the Baltimore 
meeting of the American Association for Ad. Science, 
May, 1858, remarks that in a previous paper of his (his 
" Report on the Progress of Organic Chemistry ") he 
had attributed the theory of water-types to Williamson 
and Gerhardt, and adds, " in this I find I have not done 
justice to Mr. T. Sterry Hunt, to whom is exclusively 
due the credit of having first applied the theory to the 
so-called oxygen-acids and to the anhydrids, and in 
whose earlier papers may be found the germs of most 
of the ideas on classification usually attributed to Ger- 
hardt and his school." 



105 

io. "Theory of Nitrification and Nature of Gaseous 
Nitrogen" (Amer. Journ. Set., 1848), further developed 
with experiments on the oxidation of nitrogen by per- 
manganic acid, and the origin of nitrous acid, forming 
a key to the true origin of nitrites and nitrates in 
nature. This view was adopted without change or ad- 
dition by Schonbein in 1862, and without acknowledg- 
ment. See Hunt's Reclamation in the Amer. Journ. 
Sci. [2], xxxv. pp. 271-273, 1863. 

Other views of fundamental importance have been 
put forth by Dr. Hunt on Theoretic Chemistry, but we 
must pass them and make brief mention of some of his 
more important contributions to — 

II. Chemical Philosophy. — 1. "Considerations on 
the Theory of Chemical Changes, and on Equivalent 
Volumes." This paper appeared in 1852 (Amer. Journ. 
Sci. [2], xv. 226), and is a more condensed statement of 
the same views developed by the author in an " Intro- 
duction to Organic Chemistry," which appeared in 
Silliman's Chemistry in the same year. 

2. " Thoughts on Solution and the Chemical Pro- 
cess" (Amer. Journ. Sci. [2], xix. 100)- In this paper 
the ground is taken that all solution is chemical union. 

3. " On the Objects and Method of Mineralogy " 
(Amer. Journ. Sci., [2], xliii. 203.) 

4. " On the Constitution and Equivalent Volume of 
some Mineral Species." This is an elaborate memoir 
(Amer. Journ. Sci., Sept. 1853), in which the author 
develops his views respecting the homology of chemi- 
cal formulas, and the similarity of volume in isomor- 
phous species, looking to an enlargement and simplifi- 
cation of the plan of chemical science, and leading to a 
correct mineralogical system. 

5. " Illustrations of Chemical Homology." In this 
paper, read at Washington, in 1854, before the Ameri- 
can Association for Advancement of Science (viii. 237), 
the author gives a greater extension to his former 
paper just named (4) and discussed many points with 
regard to the homologies of organic and mineral spe- 
cies. Here will be found developed his views on the 
constitution of the feldspars, which were some years 
later adopted without acknowledgment by Tschermak. 

Besides these contributions already cited, Dr. Hunt 
has been a constant worker in the analyses of minerals, 
and has made many important — 

III. Studies in Geological and Mineralogical 
Chemistry. — "We can only mention in passing : — 



io6 

i. Analyses of Warwickite, Columbite, Samarskite, 
Rutherfordite, iu early volumes of the Amer. Journ. 
Science. 

2. On Euphotide, Saussurite, and related Diorites, 
an elaborate study with many analyses, published in 
1859 in the Amer. Journ. Science. 

3. On the Labrador Feldspars, printed in the Lon- 
don Phil. Magazine for 1855. 

4. Contributions to the Chemistry of the Ophiolites, 
vols. xxv. and xxvi., Amer. Journ. Sci., 1858. An 
elaborate research with numerous analyses forming part 
of the Geological Reports of Canada. 

5. " Contributions to Lithology. I. Theoretical No- 
tions. II. Classification and Nomenclature. III. On 
some Eruptive Rocks" (Amer. Journ. Sci. [2], xxxvii. 
248, and xxxviii. 91 and 248, 1864). This elaborate 
memoir gives the composition of the various eruptive 
rocks of the district of Montreal, with the author's 
theoretical deductions therefrom. 

6. " Contributions to the History of Natural Waters" 
(Amer. Journ. Sci., 1865). In this memoir is given 
the theory of the origin of mineral-waters, with studies 
of their composition, illustrated by the waters of the St. 
Lawrence basin, and the chemical relations of each 
element. This research is in part in the Geological 
Survey of Canada for 1867. 

7. " On Some Reactions of the Salts of Lime and 
Magnesia and on the Formation of Gypsum and Mag- 
nesian Rocks" (Amer. Journ. Sci., 1859). This very 
elaborate memoir exhibits a great amount of chemical 
work, and treats — I. of the action of solutions of bicar- 
bonate of soda on salts of lime and magnesia. II. On 
the reaction between solutions of bicarbonate of lime 
and the sulphates of soda and magnesia. III. On the 
formation of double carbonate of lime and magnesia. 
IV. Facts in the history of gypsums, dolomites, mag- 
nesites, and limestones. V. On the mode of formation 
of the preceding rocks. This was followed by a supple- 
mentary paper, entitled " Farther Contributions to the 
Chemistry of Lime and Magnesia Salts" (Amer. Journ. 
Sci., 1866). 

In this connection it is but just to mention that in 
addition to the work here recorded, Dr. Hunt has in 
the volumes of the Geological Survey of Canada given 
analyses of a vast number of rocks, soils, ores, etc., con- 
tributions toward the chemistry of ore-deposits in 
Canada, etc. 



107 

But time fails us even to name the work of Dr. 
Hunt in many other important researches of a like na- 
ture. " Researches on the Artificial Production of 
Earthy Silicates, and some points in Chemical Geology 
and the Chemistry of the Metamorphic Rocks," pub- 
lished in the Quarterly Geological Journal, London, 
from 1859 to 1863. His "Chemical Theory of the 
Globe ;" " The Chemistry of Chaos ;*' " Chemical Origin 
of Rocks, Sea, Atmosphere, Ore Deposits, Mineral Spe- 
cies, Volcanoes," developed in various papers in the 
Amer. Journ. Sci., the Smithsonian Report for 1869, 
and the author's address at Indianapolis, before the 
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 
on the " Origin of Crystalline Rocks," and his " Contri- 
butions to the Chemistry of Copper" {Amer. Journ. 
Sci., 1870). 

A volume containing some of the more important 
of Dr. Hunt's original papers here enumerated, and 
others, is now in press, and will soon appear, simul- 
taneously, in Boston and in London. 

John L. LeCoxte, M.D., Philadelphia. — This emi- 
nent naturalist made his inaugural dissertation on a 
chemical investigation, which has been published as 
follows : — 

On a New Species of Urinary Concretions, by John 
L. LeConte, M.D. New Journal of Medicine and 
the Collateral Sciences, 1846, vol. vii. p. 172. 

E. X. Horsford, Cambridge, Mass. — Prof. Horsford's 
chemical papers are as follows : — 

1846. Uber den "Werth Yerschiedener Yegetabilischer 
Nahrungsmittel, hergeleit aus ihrem Stickstoffgehalt 
Liebig' s Annal., lxiii. 166, translated in Sill. Journ., 
ii. 264. 

1846. Analyse der Ashe des Kleies Trifolium prae- 
tense. lviii. 391, Liebig Annal. 

1846. Uber den Ammoniakgehalt der Gletscher. 
Liebig Annal., lix. 113. 

1846. Uber Glycocoll (Leimzucker) und einige seiner 
Zersetzungs producte. Liebig Annal. lxi. Translated 
in Sill. Journ., iii. 369, iv. 58, 326. 

1846. List of Sweet Bodies. Proc. Am. Acad., i. 
303. Chemical Essays Relative to Agriculture. Sill. 
Journ., ii. 144. 

1847. "Warrentrapp and Will's Method for the Deter- 
mination of Nitrogen improved. Sill. Journ. [2], iv. 
267. 

1848. Strecker's Researches on Ox-gall. Ibid. [2], 
v. 17. 



io8 

1848. Resistance presented to Fluids by Electric con- 
duction. Ibid. [2], v. 36. 

1848. New Blast Lamp. v. 36, Ibid. [2]. 

1848. Liebig's New Mode of separating Nickel and 
Cobalt. Ibid. [2], v. 411. 

1 848. On Motions of Fluids in Animal Bodies. Ibid. 
[2] v 415. 

1848. Contamination of Water, etc. Am. Acad. 
Proc, ii. 62-99. 

1848. Explosion of Burning Fluids. Proc. Am. Ass., 
ii. 178, 179. 

1849. On the Moisture, Ammonia, and Organic 
Matters of the Atmosphere. Ibid., ii. 124, Liebig 
Annal., lxxiv. 243, 1850. 

1849. Note on Soda in the Ashes of Anthracite Coal. 
Proc. Am. Ass., 233. 

1849. On Color of Fused Sulphur. Proc. Am. Ass., 
234. 

1 85 1. Occurrence of Placid Waters in the Midst of 
large Areas where Waves are constantly breaking, vi. 
41, Proc. Am. Ass. 

1850. On the Relation of Barium, Strontium, etc. 
Sill. Journ. [2], ix. 176. 

185 1. Plasticity of Sulphur. Proc. Am. Ass., vi. 63. 
185 1. Relation of Chemical Constitution to Light. 

Proc. Am. Ass., 74. 

1856. Ammonia in the Atmosphere. Ibid., x. 145. 

1863. Salts of Zinc, Aluminium, Sodium, Potassium. 
Mem. Am. Acad., viii. 354-360. 

185 1. Analyses of Teas. Sill. Journ. [2], xi. 249. 

185 1. Relation of Chemical Constitution to taste. 
Ibid. [2], xii. 195. 

1852. Permeability of Metals to Mercury. Ibid. 
[2], xiii. 305. 

1853. Solidification of the Coral Reefs of Florida, 
and the Source of Carbonate of Lime in the Growths of 
Corals. Proc. Am. Ass., vii. 122. 

1868. Source of Free Hydrochloric Acid in Gastric 
Juice. Ibid., xvii. 178. 

1868. Phosphoric Acid a Constituent of Butter. 
Ibid., xvii. 114. 

1869. Phosphoric Acid, Iron, and Potassium, Con- 
stituents of Chlorophyl. Ibid., 147. 

John W, Mallett, Professor of Chemistry in the 
University of Virginia, at Charlottesville, Va., has 
for many years been an industrious worker, publishing 
original researches on chemical subjects, which form 



109 

important contributions to our science. The destruc- 
tion of the buildings of the University of Alabama, by 
the Federal Cavalry during the late civil war, has de- 
prived Prof. Mallett (who was formely Prof, of Chem- 
istry at Tuscaloosa) of all means of 'responding to the 
call for his papers, but the following list is as com- 
plete as it could be conveniently made by us from the 
materials at hand. 

1850. On the Minerals of the Auriferous Districts of 
Wicklow. Phil. Mag. [3], xxxvii. 392. 

1845. Chemical Examination of Killinite. Dub.Geol. 
Soc. iv. Chemist, I. 47-49, 1849-50. 

1851. Occurrence of Gadolinite in Ireland. Phil. 
r ag. [4].i. 350. 

1851. Beobachtungen liber das Tellurathyl. Liebig 
Ann. [4], xxix. 223. 

1852. On a New Fossil Kesin. Phil. Mag. [4], iv. 
261. 

1853. Analysis of Euclase. Phil. Mag. [4], v. 127. 

1853. On a Siliceous Deposit from the Hot Volcanic 
Springs of Taupo. Phil. Mag. [4], v. 285. 

1854. Analysis of Tin Pyrites. Sill. Journ. [2], 
xvii. 23. 

1854. Analysis of Idocrase from Ducktown, Polk Co., 
Tenn. Ibid. [2], xx. 85. 

1854. On Phosphates of Iron and Manganese from 
Norwich, Mass. Ibid. [2], xviii. 33. 

1855. On Crystallization of Platinum from Fusion. 
Ibid. [2], xv. 340. 

1856. Eedetermination of Lithium. Am. Assn., x. 
144. 

1856. On a Zeolitic Mineral from the Isle of Skye. 
Phil. Mag. [4], xii. 406-552. 

1857. Atomic Weight of Aluminium. Brit. Assn. 
Report, p. 53. 

1857. On the Atomic Weight of Lithium. Phil. 
Mag. [4], xiii. 

1857. Eesults of some Analyses made for the Geol. 
Survey of Alabama. Sill. Journ. [2], xxiii. 181. 

1857. Notice of a supposed new case of Fluorescence. 
Ibid. [2] , xxiii. 434. 

1857. On the Separation of Lithia and Magnesia. 
Ibid. [2], xxiii. 427. 

1857. On the Kose-colored Mica of Goshen, Mass. 
Ibid. [2], xxiii. 180. 

1857. Separation of Magnesia and Lithia. Ibid. [2], 
xxiv. 137. 



no 

1858. Schrotterite from Cherokee Co., Alabama. 
Ibid. [2], xxvi. 79. 

1859. On Brewsterite. Ibid. [2], xxviii. 48. 
i860. Metallic Copper and Dinoxyd of Copper. Ibid. 

[2], xxx. 253. 

1859. Nitrate of Zirconium. Am. A ssn., xiii. 217. 

1859. Atomic weight of Lithium. Am. Assn., xiii. 
221. 

i860. Osmious Acid and the position of Osmium 
in the list of elements. Phil. Mag. [4] , xix. 293. 

1 86 1. Chemical and Physical Conditions of the Cul- 
ture of Cotton. Proc. Royal Soc, xi. 340. 

J. D. Whitney, Cambridge, Mass. — Mr. Whitney's 
chemical work has been in mineral chemistry. He 
has published as follows : — 

1849. Examination of American Minerals. Sill. 
Journ. [2], vii. 433, 434. Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. 
Soc. 1849, p. 48. 

1849. On some Silicates containing Carbonic Acid, 
Chlorine, and Sulphuric Acid. Sill. Journal, vii. 
435. Pogg, Ann. der Ph. und Ch., lxx. 431. 

1849. On Chloritoid and Masonite ; and Black Oxide 
of Copper, Lake Superior. Sill. Journ. [2], viii. 273. 
Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. 1849, p. 100. 

1854. Analysis of Algerite and Apatite. Sill. Journ., 
xvii. 206. 

i860. On Pectolite. Ibid. [2], xxix. 205. 

i860. Analysis of Pyroschists. Ibid., lxvi. 160. 

William Phipps Blake has written chiefly on geo- 
logical and kindred topics; but we find in 18 50 an arti- 
cle by him on the " Occurrence of Crystallized Oxyd of 
Chromium (£r) in Furnaces for the Manufacture of 
Chromate of Potash," giving the crystallographic and 
other physical characters of the substance. Am. Jour. 
Sci., 2, x. No. 30, Nov. 1850. 

Mr. Blake was the first to recognize the tellurids 
among the mineral products of California. His Report 
on the Precious Metals, forming one of the governmental 
volumes on the Paris Universal Exposition of 1867, is 
replete with valuable information. Mr. Blake first 
drew attention to the platinum metals associated with 
the gold washings of California, and published an 
analysis of the mass made for him in Dr. Genth's labora- 
tory in 1854. " Report of a Geological Reconnaissance 
of California," 4to. pp. 300. 

1850. "On Dimorphism of Copper," Am. Ass. Pro- 
ceedings, iv. p. 151. 



Ill 

1850. "New Instrument for Measuring the Angles 
contained betweeu the Optic Axes of Crystals and for 
Goniometrical Purposes," Ibid., pp. 378-221. 

John M. Ordway, Chemical Laboratory of the 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston. — All 
of Prof. Ordway's papers, with a single exception, have 
been published in the Am. Journ. of Set., 2d series. 
They are as follows: — 

Memoirs. 

1850. Nitrates of Iron, Alumina, and Chromium. 
Am. Journ. Set., ix. 30. 

1865. Nitrates of Iron. Id., xl. 316. 

1859. Some Facts respecting the Nitrates. Id., 
xxvii. 14. 

1857. Some Soluble Basic Salts of Tin. Id., xxiii. 
220. 

1858. Examination of the Soluble Basic Sesquisalts. 
Id., xxvi. 197. 

1858. A new Mode of making Commercial Caustic 
Soda. Id. xxvi. 364. 

1861-1865. On Waterglass, a series of five articles. 
Id., xxxii. 153, 337; xxxiii. 27; xxxv. 185; xl. 173. 

Reviews. 

1856. WetheriU's Manufacture of Yinegar. Am. 
Journ. Sci., xxxi. 450. 

1867. Schutzenberger's Traite" des Matieres Colo- 
rantes, Id., xliii. 421. 

1867. Mulder's Die Chemie der austrockende Oele. 
Id., xliv. 438. 

1868. Assmass' Die Trockne Destination desHolzes. 
Id., xlv. 274. 

Obituary Sketches. 

1868. Dr. S. L. Dana. Id., xlv. 424. Author of the 
same in Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci., viii. 26. 

Wm. H. Brewer, New Haven, Connecticut. — Prof. 
Brewer's contributions to chemistry are : — 

1850. Determinations of Nitrogen in two Yarieties 
of Indian Corn. Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., iv. 386. 

Prof. Brewer has also contributed Analysis of Min- 
erals to Dana's Mineralogy, etc. 

George J. Brush, Sheffield Scientific School, New 
Haven. — All the chemical researches of Prof. Brush 
fall under the head of chemical mineralogy, to which he 
has made important contributions. Besides the sub- 
joined list, he has contributed analyses of minerals to 



112 

the third, fourth, and fifth editions of Dana's Mineral- 
ogy, and to the various supplements. Of the latter he 
edited the eighth, ninth, and tenth, published in the 
American Journal of Science, and also the appendix 
to the fifth edition, recently published by Wiley. So 
large a part of the work of American chemists has 
been devoted to mineralogy, which, in the larger sense, 
is only a department of chemistry, that we have no 
right to consider such researches as not falling within 
the scope of our essay. 

Papers on chemical mineralogy published by Prof. 
Brush are found in the American Journal of Science, 
viz. : — 

Second series : — 
Yol. x. pp. 370. Analyses of American Spodumine. 

" xv. pp. 207. ] Re-examination of American Mine- 

" vvi. pp. 41. I rals. By J. Lawrence Smith and 

" xvi. pp. 365. J George J. Brush. Parts I.-III. 

This joint work of Profs. Smith and Brush includes 
the examination of the following minerals : — 

Part I. Emerylite, euphyllite, Litchfield mica, union- 
ite, kerolite, bowenite, williamsite, lancasterite, hydro- 
magnesite, magnesite. 

Part II. Chesterlite, loxoclase, Danbury feldspars, 
Haddam albite, Greenwood mica, biotite, margarodite, 
Chesterlite talc, rhodophyllite, cummingtonite, hydrous 
anthophyllite, monrolite, ozarkite, dysyntribite, gibbs- 
ite, emerald nickel. 

Part III. Danburite, carrollite, thalite, hudsonite, 
jenkinsite, lazulite, kyanite, elaeolite, spodumene, petal- 
ite. 

Vol. xviii. pp. 407. On the Chemical Composition of 
Clintonite (Seybertite). 

" " pp. 415. On a New Test for Zirconia. 

" xx. pp. 273. On Prosopite. 

" xxiv. pp. 128. On the Chemical Composition of 
Antigorite. 

" xxiv. pp. 116. On Dechenite and Eusynchite. 

" xxiv. pp. 124. Note on Parathorite. 

" xxv. pp. 198. Chemical Composition of Chalcc- 
dite. 

" xxvi. pp. 64. Mineralogical Notices : Analyses 
of Gieseckite (?) from Diana, 
Compact Pyrophyllite, Union- 
ite, Danbury Feldspar. 

11 xxvii. pp. 395. Chemical Examination of Bolton- 
ite. 



XXXIV, 


pp. 


243- 




pp. 


402. 


xxxvi 


.pp. 


122, 


<< 
xxxvii. 


pp. 
pp. 


152. 
66. 


xxxix. 

xli. 

xliv. 


pp. 
pp. 
pp. 


132. 

246. 
219. 


xlvi. 
xlviii. 


pp. 
pp. 


140, 
17- 


" 


pp. 


17- 


" 


pp. 


179. 



Vol. xxxii. pp. 94. On Crystalline Hydrate of Mag- 
nesia. 
On Amblygonite from Maine. 
On Triphyline from Norwich, 

Mass. 
257. On Childrenite from Hebron, 

Maine. 
On the Tucson Meteoric Iron. 
On Tephroite. 
On Artificial Diopside. 
On Cookeite and Jefferisite. 
On Native Hydrates of Iron. 
240. On Sussexite. 
On Hortonolite. 
On Durangite. 

On a Meteoric Stone from Frank- 
fort, Alabama. 
" PP- 360- On Magnetite in the Pennsville 
Mica. 
Third series : — 
Yol. I. pp. 28. On Galenite from New Jersey. 
" II. pp. 30. On Ralstonite. 
" V- PP- 4 21 - On Compact Anglesite. 
Henry Wurtz, Hoboken, New Jersey. — Prof. Wurtz, 
who was at one time professor of chemistry in the Colum- 
bian Medical College at Washington, D. C, is now che- 
mical editor of the Gas Light Journal in New York. 
His chemical contributions date from 1850, as follows. 
[Prof. Wurtz has furnished us the following notes on 
his papers.] — 

1850. On a Supposed New Mineral Species. Am. 
Journ. Sci. [2], x. p. 80, July. 

1850. On the Green Sand of New Jersey as a Source 
of Potash. Read to the American Association at New 
Haven, August, 1850. Ibid,, p. 326, November. [Ana- 
lyses given of two raw green sand marls containing 6-38 
per cent., and 4-94 per cent, of KO. The fact first an- 
nounced that dilute sulphuric acid yields alum directly, 
readily crystallizing out from solution of the green sand 
granules. Previous ignition peroxidized the iron chiefly, 
and the alum then obtained was mostly free from iron. 
The fact was first announced that when the grains, even 
without pulverization, were fused at a low temperature 
with chloride of calcium, in sufficient proportion to form 
a pasty mass, complete double decomposition was effect- 
ed, and the mass yielded to water, " all the potash which 
was contained in the green sand employed in the form 
8 



ii4 

of chloride of potassium." Upon this was founded "a 
method of decomposing minerals in the process of ana- 
lysis," presented to the Association at the same meeting. 
Sulphate of potash was obtained by fusing together 
alum and chloride of potassium.] 

1850. On a New Method of Decomposing Silicates 
in the Process of Analysis. Read to the American 
Association at New Haven, August, 1850. Ibid. [2], 
x. p. 323, November. [Feldspar and hornblende were 
found, when fused with chloride of calcium, to be com- 
pletely fluxed, and decomposable by muriatic acid. It 
was suggested to use, at times, chloride of barium, in- 
stead of chloride of calcium, because of its freedom from 
deliquescence. A mixture, in equivalent proportions, 
of the chlorides of barium and strontium was found very 
advantageous, from its far greater fusibility. An ana- 
lysis was given, made by this method, of the pink scapo- 
lite of Bolton, Massachusetts.] 

1 85 1. On Bromine as a Toxicological Agent. By 
Henry Wurtz, Assistant in the Yale Analytical Labo- 
ratory. Ibid. [2], xi. 405, May. [Bromine with water 
and heat was used to replace chlorine to destroy the 
organic matter of stomachs, etc., to isolate mineral 
poisons.] 

1852. On the Preparation of Pure Hydrate and Car- 
bonate of Potash. New York Journ. Pharm. Febru- 
ary, 1852, i. 33. [Elimination of silica from solutions 
of potassic carbonate by evaporating with the addition 
of carbonate of ammonia in lumps. Superiority of flint- 
glass bottles for solutions of potassic hydrate, on account 
of their greater resistance to corrosion. Preparation 
of pure hydrate from pure potassic sulphate, by reduc- 
tion to sulphide, and boiling with oxide of copper, man- 
ganese, or iron. Residual undecomposed sulphate re- 
moved by solution of baric hydrate.] 

1852. Preparation of Chemically Pure Hydrate and 
Carbonate of Soda. Ibid., i. 36, February, 1852. [Com- 
mercial bicarbonate of soda is freed from sulphate, phos- 
phate, and chloride by washing with water by decanta- 
tion, then dried on the sand-bath, and exposed to a heat 
below redness, to expel C0 2 . On solution in water, the 
silica is chiefly left in flakes. Remaining traces of silica 
then removed by evaporation with addition of lumps of 
amnionic carbonate, and resolution. To obtain dry pure 
carbonate, the last solution is then re-evaporated in 
vessels of Pt, Ag, or clean Fe, avoiding glass and por- 
celain. To obtain pure sodic hydrates, the carbonate 
must be decomposed by lime, which is free from silica.] 



"5 

1852. Preparation of Pure Barium Compounds (with 
other subjects). Ibid., June, 1852, i. 161. [The im- 
portant point is here the first announcement of the 
power of baric carbonate, either precipitated, or pulver- 
ized witherite , to precipitate gypsum totally from its 
solutions ; with the first suggestion to utilize this pro- 
perty for purifying waters for steam purposes, sea-water 
included. Brine of salt works also mentioned as a pro- 
per subject.] 

1852. Preparation of Pure Magnesia. Ibid. i. 199. 
[Commercial magnesia alba dissolved in nitric acid, 
and by digestion with an excess of the carbonate, all 
silica, ferric oxide, alumina, and P0 5 separated. To 
eliminate lime, some magnesic sulphate and alcohol 
added, the latter in quantity insufficient to cause imme- 
diate precipitation. In the course of time the lime 
crystallizes out as gypsum. The liquid is then evapo- 
rated and heated, with stirring and addition of powdered 
carbonate of ammonia, to expel the nitric acid. On 
ignition, and washing with distilled water after cooling 
— to remove sulphates and alkaline salts — chemically 
pure magnesia remains. Oxalate of lime was found to 
be appreciably soluble in magnesic solutions, and hence 
lime could not be eliminated as oxalate from such solu- 
tions.] 

1852. On the Preparations of Iron used in Medicine. 
Ibid., i. 229. [Preventing oxidation of ferrous com- 
pounds by introducing into the bottle fragments of 
quicklime wrapped in paper. Alcohol will not preserve 
ferrous salts, as generally supposed, as it absorbs oxy- 
gen from the air, and conveys it thereto. To obtain 
ferrous sulphate free from ferric salt, baric carbonate 
employed. Another new mode, by agitation with pul- 
verized protosulphide of iron. To obtain pure ferric 
oxide, dissolve separately in hot water five of recrystal- 
lized copperas, six of crystallized sodic carbonate, and 
one of nitrate of soda, filter, mix, evaporate to dryness, 
and heat the mass to faint redness. Water then leaves 
undissolved a heavy impalpable, but perfectly soluble, 
ferric oxide. Coal gas is proposed to be used, instead 
of hydrogen, in making pulvis ferri.] 

1853. Purification of Sal Ammoniac. Ibid., ii. 1, 
January, 1853. [The yellowish portions of loaves of 
sal ammoniac were known to be ferriferous. The trans- 
parent colorless parts were found to be equally so, and 
the iron found to be present as FeCl. The yellow color 
is not due to iron. Neither sublimation nor crystalliza- 



u6 

tion eliminated the iron, though so asserted in the books. 
Brewer's process of purification here first published — 
with CI and NH 3 .] 

1856. On the Composition of the Water of the Dela- 
ware River. By Henry Wurtz, New Jersey State 
Chemist. Am. Journ. Set. [2], xxii. 124, November, 
1856. [Includes also an analysis of the water of springs 
proceeding from the crystalline gneiss rocks at Tfenton, 
New Jersey.] 

1858. Action of Nitric Acid on the Metallic Chlo- 
rides. Am. Journ. Sci. [2], xxv. 39, May, 1858. 
[This extended research, which is continued in the 
same journal, vol. xxvi. page 81, covered the behavior 
of hot nitric acid upon the chlorides of K, Na, Li, NH 4 , 
Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Gl, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd, Cu, 
Cr, U, Hg, Pb, Ag, Au, Pt, Sn, As, Sb, Bi, Ce, La, 
Di, Th, Zr, Mo, and Y. Many new and important 
facts were developed, too numerous to detail here.] 

1858. Detection of Nitric Acid in Solution, with Ob- 
servations on the Action of Ferric Salts upon Indigo 
and Metallic Gold, and on the Neutralization of the 
Colors of Metallic Solutions. Ibid., xxvi. 49, April. 
Read to the American Association in Baltimore, in 
April, 1858. [Containing the first observations of the 
power of ferric solutions to dissolve metallic gold and 
platinum.] 

1858. A Method of Separation of Magnesia from the 
Alkalies. Read to the American Association in Balti- 
more, April, 1858. Ibid., xxvi. 83. [The bases, as 
chlorides, are converted into nitrates by evaporation 
with nitric acid, ignition, and washing with water.] 

1858. Action of Nitric Acid in the Cold upon some 
Metallic Solutions, with new modes of obtaining pure 
Compounds of Barium, Strontium, and Cadmium. Ibid., 
188. Read to the American Association, at Baltimore, 
April, 1858. [BaCl and CdCl, in strong solution, gave 
instantly, and SrCl more slowly, crystalline precipitates 
of pure nitrates. HgCl was also instantly precipitated, 
but went down as such, and not as nitrate. KC1 and 
NaCl gradually form nitrates in the cold.] 

1858. Suggestions regarding Economical Applica- 
tions of Glycerine. Read to the American Association 
at Baltimore, April, 1858. Ibid., xxxi. 195. [Mixing 
with mustard and other condiments, confectionery, choco- 
late, chewing tobacco, filling gas meters, making copying 
ink, etc.] 

1858. Preparation of Pure Sulphates, etc. By Henry 



ii7 

Wurtz, Professor of Chemistry in the National Medical 
College, Washington, D. C. Ibid., xxvi. 367. [Elimi- 
nation of iron from cupric sulphate by conversion to 
ferric oxide by ebullition with a little plumbic deutoxide, 
or even with minium, and then adding baric carbonate. 
The same method is applied to a great number of other 
sulphates, including Epsom salt. Referring to former 
paper, in which the precipitation of gypsum by baric 
carbonate is brought out, it is further suggested that 
plumbic carbonate be used for this, the lead being recov- 
ered again.] 

1858. Improvements in the Preparation of Hard 
Minerals for Analysis. Read to the American Asso- 
ciation at Baltimore in 1858. Ibid. 190. [Proposed 
to crush always in a hard iron mortar, and then to re- 
move the abraded iron with iodine- water, also with a 
neutral solution of ferric chloride. When earthy car- 
bonates are present, remove them first by boiling with 
ammonic chloride or nitrate, then iodine. Pyrrhotine 
was found to be separable from pyrites, by dissolving 
in iodine-water, the pyrites being insoluble therein. 
Elutriation of minerals in the iron mortar with alcohol 
recommended.] 

1858. Chemical Examinations counected with a Bullet 
which had been imbedded for more than forty years in 
a Human Lung. Ibid., 192. [The bullet was found 
corroded and partly encrusted with plumbic chloride, 
and the liquid in the enveloping cyst also contained 
lead. The body of the lung and the muscle of the dia- 
phragm were found to contain lead.] 

1858. Action of Hot Muriatic Acid upon some Metal- 
lic Nitrates. Proc. Am. Ass. Advt. Sci. (Baltimore, 
1858), 181. 

1859. On the Occurrence of Cobalt and Nickel in 
Gaston County, North Carolina. Am. Joum. Sci., 
xxvii. 24, April, 1858. 

1859. Modes of Increasing the Heat of the Mouth 
Blowpipe, with some blowpipe manipulations. Ibid., 
xxvii. 24. [Paraffine candles proposed. Blowpipe with 
tube filled with potassic hydrate. Powdered silica may 
be fused or semi-fused into transparent globules. Borax 
beads, so highly supersaturated with oxides as to be- 
come opaque on cooling, found to remain transparent, 
if plunged while hot into cold water, and colored reac- 
tions thus brought out. New facts and experiments 
on interference of colors in blowpipe beads. Decolori- 
zation of ferriferous glass by manganese, shown to be 
due, in part at least, to such neutralization of colors.] 



1 866. Sodium Amalgam. Ibid. [2], li. 216. 

1866. On Grahamite. Ibid., Hi. 420. 

1869. Atmospheric Air mixed with Gas. Ibid., lviii. 
40. 

1870. Gas Well in New York. Ibid., lix. 336. 
1870. On Flame Temperatures. Ibid., lix. 339. 

Samuel W. Johnson, Professor of Theoretical and 
Agricultural Chemistry in Yale College, has made the 
following contributions to chemistry : — 

Memoirs and Lectures. 

On the Houghite of Prof. Shepard. Am. Journ. 
Set., xii. ( 1 851), pp. 361-365. 

Chemische Notizen : 1. Chromsaures Kali-ammo- 
niak ; 2. Chromsaures Natron, Leichte Bereitungsweise 
desselben ; 3. Ueber Kartoffel-fuselol, Yorkommen von 
Propylalkahol und Caprins'aure in demselben ; 4. Yer- 
bindung von Amylalkohol mit Chlorcalcium. Journ. 
fur Prakt. Chemie, lxii. (1854), pp. 261-264.* 

Ueber das zweifach schleimsaure amyloxyd. Journ. 
fiir Prakt. Chemie, lxiv. (185$), pp. 107-9. 

Ueber die schleimsauren Salze der Alkalien. Lie- 
big's Annalen, xciv. (1855), pp. 224-230. 

Chemische Untersuchung verschiedener Pflanzen- 
aschen, Bodenarten, und Gew'asser. Liebig's Annalen, 
xcv. (1855), pp. 226-242, von Prof. 0. Sendtner und 
S. W. Johnson. 

Essay on the Physical Properties of Soils as affecting 
Fertility. Trans. N. Y. State Ag. Soc, 1856, pp. 
101-124. 

Examination of two Sugars (Panoche and Pinite) 
from California. Am. Journ. Sci., xxii. (1856), pp. 
6-8. 

Lecture on the Kelations that exist between Science 
and Agriculture. Trans. N. Y. State Ag. Soc, 1857, 

PP. 73-95- 

Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry. Report of 
Smithsonian Institution, 1859, pp. 78. 

On Some Points of Agricultural Science. Am. 
Journ. Sci., xxvii. (1859), pp. 71-85. 

Soil Analysis. Notice of the Agricultural Chemistry 
of the Geological Surveys of Kentucky and Arkansas. 
Am. Journ. Sci., xxxii., 1861, pp. 20. 

With joint authorship of 0. D. Allen. 

On the Equivalent and Spectrum of Caesium. Am. 
Journ. Sci., xxxv. (1863), pp. 7. 



ii 9 

The Assimilation of Complex Nitrogenous Bodies 
by Vegetation. Am. Journ. Sci., xli. (1866), pp. 4. 

With joint authorship of John M. Blake. 

On Kaolinite and Pholerite. Am. Journ. Sci., xliii. 
(1867), pp. 13. 

Sources and Supply of Nitrogen to Crops. Lecture 
to Conn. Board of Agriculture, 1867, pp. 25. 

On Native Crystallized Terpin. Am. Journ. Sci., 
xliii. (1867). pp. 2. 

On the Estimation of Carbonic Acid, and on Con- 
struction of Bunsen's Air-pump. Am. Journ. Sci., 
xlviii. (1869), pp. 111-114. 

On Nitrification. Am. Journ. Sci., xlvii. (1869), 
pp. 234-242. 

Soil Exhaustion and Rotation of Crops. Two Lec- 
tures. Report of the Conn. State Board of Agricuh 
tare, 1 871, pp. 47. 

On the Estimation of Nitrogen. Am. Chemist, iii. 
(1872), pp. 161-2. 

On the Use of Potassium Bichromate in Ultimate 
Organic Analysis. Am. Journ. Sci. [3], vii. (1874), 
pp. 465-8. 

Reports. 

Reports to the Connecticut State Agricultural So- 
ciety, Hartford, Ct. 

For 1857. General Considerations on Manures ; Ex- 
amination of forty-three fertilizers, pp. 58. 

For 1858. Essay on the Nature and Agricultural 
Uses of Peat and Swamp Muck, and Analyses of thirty- 
two samples; Examination of twelve fertilizers, pp. 
174. 

For 1859. Examinations of twenty fertilizers, pp. 
67. 

Reports to the Connecticut State Board of Agricul- 
ture. 

For 1868. Examinations of sixteen fertilizers, pp. 18. 

For 1869. Valuation of Commercial Fertilizers, pp. 
18. 

For 1872. Composition of the Ash of Connecticut 
Tobacco leaf, etc., pp. 40. 

For 1873. Analyses of thirty-one Commercial Fer- 
tilizers, pp. 21. 

Systematic Treatises. 

Peat and its uses as a Fertilizer and Fuel. N. Y., 0. 
Judd & Co., 1866, pp. 168, i2mo. 

How Crops Grow. N. Y., 1868, pp. 394. 



120 

The same, edited by Church and Dyer, London. 1869. 

The same in German, translation by Baron H. v. 
Liebig. Braunschweig, 1871. 

The same in Russian, translation by N. R. Temashev. 
St. Petersburg, 1873. 

How Crops Feed. N. Y., 1870, pp. 375. 

The same in German, translation by Baron H. v. 
Liebig. Braunschweig, 1872. 

Any notice of Prof. Johnson's contributions to 
chemistry would be extremely deficient, should it fail to 
mention his well-known edition of Fresenius' Manual of 
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis, in two volumes, 
1 869- 1 8 70. A new edition of this work by Prof. John- 
son is now in preparation. 

John Leconte, Oakland, California. — Dr. Le- 
conte's contributions to science are all from the phy- 
sical side, and how important they are is too well 
known to require comment. He is now the Professor of 
Physics and Mechanics in the University of California. 
The following physico-chemical papers by Dr. Leconte 
fall properly within our scope. 

1. " Observations on a Remarkable Exudation of Ice 
from the Stems of Yegetables, and on a Singular Pro- 
trusion of Icy Columns from Certain Kinds of Earth 
during Frosty Weather." Proceedings of American 
Association for Adv. of Set., 3d Meeting, at Charles- 
ton, S. C, March, 1850, pp. 20-34. — Lond., Edin., 
Bub., Phil. Mag., 3d S., vol. xxxvi. pp. 329-342, May, 
1850. 

2. " Observations on the Freezing of Yegetables, 
and on the Causes which enable some Plants to endure 
the action of Extreme Cold." Proceedings of Am. 
Assoc, for Adv. of Sci., 6th Meeting, at Albany, 
N. Y., August, 1 85 1, pp. 338-359. — Am. Journ. of 
Sci. and Arts. 2d S. vol. xiii. pp. 84-92 and 196-206, 
Jan. and March, 1852. 

3. " Preliminary Researches on the alleged Influence 
of Solar Light on the Process of Combustion." Pro- 
ceedings of Am. Assoc, for Adv. of Sci., 1 ith Meeting, 
at Montreal, C. E., Aug. 1857, Part L, pp. 93-109. — 
Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 2d S. vol. xxiv. pp. 317— 
330, Nov. 1857. Also, Lond., Edin,, Dub., Phil. 
Mag., 4th S. vol. xvi. pp. 182-197, Sept. 1858. 

4. " On the Influence of Musical Sounds on the 
Flame of a Jet of Coal-Gas." Am. Journ. Sci. and 
Arts, 2d S. vol. xxv. pp. 62-65, Jan. 1858. Also, 



121 

Lond., Edin., Bub., Phil. Mag. 4th S. vol. xv. pp. 
235-239, March, 1858. 

5. ' ; On the Adequacy of Laplace's Explanation to 
Account for the Discrepancy between the Computed 
and the Observed Velocity of Sound in Air and Gases." 
— Lond., Edin., Dub., Phil. Mag., 4th S. vol. xxvii. 
pp. 1-33, Jan. 1864. The latter part of No. 5 touches 
upon the question whether the atmosphere is a Mecha- 
nical Mixture or a Chemical Compound. 

James Schiel, Ph.D., St. Louis, Mo. — Dr. Schiel's 
chemical contributions in the American Journal of 
Science are — 

1853. On the Separation of Manganese from Iron 
and Nickel [2], xv. 275. 

1855. On the identity of Sanguinarine and Cheleri- 
thene, and on the direct determination of Nitrogen [2], 
xx. 220-222. Compare Ann. de Chem. und Pharm., 
Liebig and Wohler, B. xliii. 233. 

[See entry under Dr. James F. Dana.] 

i860. On the Products of the Distillation of Common 
Eosin [2], xxx. 100-102. 

Dr. Schiel is also the author of a systematic treatise 
on Analysis, entitled " Anleitung zur Organischen 
und Gasanalyse" Erlangen, i860. 8vo. pp. 200. 

Chaeles A. Joy, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, 
Columbia College, New York. Professor Joy has 
published — 

1852. Analyse des Narwall-zahns und des Gehauses 
von Helix Pomatia. Ann. der Ch. und Pharm., 
lxxxii., Bd. 3, Heft 365. 

1853. Uber das Selenathyl. Ibid., lxxxii. 35. 
1853. Analyse des Meteoreisens von Cosbys Creek. 

Ibid., 39. 

The chemical papers by Dr. Joy, published in the 
Am. Journ. of Sci., are as follows: — 

1863. On Glucinum and its Compounds. [2], xxxvi. 
83-91. 

1864. Analysis of a Meteorite from Chili. Ibid., 
xxxvii. 243-248. 

Prof. Joy has been a constant contributor to the 
current literature of science in various publications 
not available for our present purpose. 

Besides the papers enumerated, Prof. Joy has con- 
tributed to Dana's Mineralogy the chemical analyses 
of several minerals. The research on selenathyl cited 
above, is among the earliest contributions to a class of 
alcohol radicals combined with a metallic base which 
appeared in chemical literature. 



122 

Charles A. Goessmann, Ph.D., of Amherst, is now 
the chemist of the Massachusetts Agricultural College 
located at Amherst. During his residence at the 
salines of Syracuse Dr. Goessmann made himself well 
known by his able discussion of the chemistry of brines. 
But Dr. G.'s contributions to chemistry cover a wide 
range, and prior to his coming to this country he was a 
frequent contributor (1854-58) to the Annalen von 
Wohler, Ltebig, and Kopp, as will be seen by the follow- 
ing list of chemical papers : — 

In 1854. Annalen der Chemie u. 
Pharmacie, von Wohler, 
Ltebig, u. Kopp 

On Palmitic Acid Bd. 89 — H. 123 

On Arachidic Acid — a new 

fatty acid 89 — i.-i 1 

On the Composition of the 

Cocoa-Oil 90 — 126 

On Benzoglycolic Acid from 

Hippuric Acid 90 — 181 

On a New Mode of Procur- 
ing Ethylamin 90 — 122 

On the Constitution, etc., of 

Leucine 91 — 129 

In 1856. A New Mode of Procuring 

Amarine u. Lophine 93 — 329 

On Hypogaeic Acid — a new 

acid in Peanut Oil 94 — 230 

On the Combinations of 

Arachidic Acid 97 — 257 

On the Constitution of the 
Lophine 97 — 283 

On the Separation of Cou- 
marin 98 — 86 

On the Separation of Styra- 
cin 

On Certain Products from 
Hypogaeic Acid, Gaidic 
Acid, etc. (This paper 
was published by C. A. G. 
and G.C.Caldwell, of Cor- 
nell University) 99 — 305 

On Manganate of Potas- 
sium as a Suitable Sub- 
stance to Decolorize Uric 
Acid, Hippuric Acid, etc. 99 — 373 



I2 3 

In 1856. On a New Mode of Procur- 
ing* Triphenylamine 100 — 57 
On the Action of Zinc Chlo- 
ride on Hippuric Acid 100 — 69 
On the Crystallization of 

Sulphocyanide of Silver 100 — 76 

In 1857. On the Action of Iodide of 
Ethyl on Tungstate of 
Silver 101— 218 

On a New Mode of Produc- 
ing Tricapronylamine 101 — 31 
On the Transformation of 
Nitrobenzol into Aniline 
by Means of Arsenious 
Acid and Caustic Potassa 102 — 127 
On a New Sugar Plant, 

Sorghum Saccharatum 104 — 335 

In 1858. Contribution to the Knowledge of the Nature 
of the Chinese Sugar-cane, Sorghum Saccha- 
ratum; see Transactions of the New York 
State Agricultural Society, of 1861, 785. 

In 1862. Report on the Chemical Composition of the 
Brines of Onondaga, New York : Syracuse, 
December, 1862. 

In 1862-63. Report on the Brines of Michigan; see 
Senate Report. New York: 1862 — 63. 
(House Documents) ; also, 
House Committee of the Legislature of Michi- 
gan. No. 37. 1865. 

In 1863. Report on the Best Mode of Manufacturing 
Coarse or Solar Salt from the Brines of 
Onondaga. Syracuse: December. 1863. 

In 1864. Contribution to the Manufacture and Refining 
of Sugar ; or the Application of Caustic 
Magnesia for Su^ar Refining. Syracuse. 
Reprinted, Chemical News, London, etc., 
1864-65. 

In 1865. Notes and Criticism on the Manufacture of 
Sugar upon the Island of Cuba. Syracuse. 
Reprinted, Chemical News, Loudon, etc., 
1865. 

In 1866. Contribution to the Chemistry of the Mineral 
Springs of Onondaga. Syracuse : February, 
1866. Also Amer. Journ. of Sci., Septem- 
ber and October, 1866. 



124 

In 1867. Eeport on the Salt Deposit of Petite Anse, 
Louisiana. Published by the American 
Bureau of Mines. New York : January, 
1867. 
Contribution to the Chemistry of Brines. 
Amer. Journ. of Set., July and November, 
1867. 

In 1868. Eeport on the Salt Resources of Goderich, 
Canada. Syracuse. 

In 1869. On the Chemistry of Common Salt with 
Reference to our Home Resources. Read 
before the National Academy at the North- 
ampton Meeting ; see Amer. Journ. of Sci., 
January, 1870. 
On Salt and its Uses in Agriculture ; see 
Report of Massachusetts State Board of 
Agriculture. Boston: 1870. 

In 1870. On the Cultivation of the Sugar Beet-Root 
as an Agricultural Enterprise. College 
Report of the Trustees of the Massachusetts 
Agricultural College. December, 1870; see 
also Amer. Chem., 1871. 
On Cheese as Food ; see Report of American 
Dairymen's Association, Utica, New York, 
January, 1870. 

In 1 871. Report on the Chemical Composition of some 
Dairy Products ; see Annual Report of the 
Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, 
1871-72, pp. 305. 

In 1872. On the Stassfurt Potash Compounds, and 
their Present Reputation in the Agricul- 
tural Industry of Europe ; See Amer. 
Chem., 1872. July. 
Report on the Quality of Sugar Beet-Roots 
raised upon the Farm of the Massachusetts 
Agricultural College, with regard to their 
Fitness for Sugar Manufacture ; see Amer. 
Chem., 1872. 
Contribution to the History of the Beet 
Sugar Manufacture within the United 
States; See Amer. Client., 1872, July. 
Contributions to the Requirements for a Suc- 
cessful Home Beet Sugar Industry ; see 
Amer. Chem., 1872, August and November. 



I2 5 

In 1873. ^ n tne Fertilization of our Farm Lanfls with 
Reference to the Judicious Application of 
Mineral Fertilizers ; see Journal of New 
York State Agricultural Society of Janu- 
ary and February, 1873. 

In 1873. Report on Commercial Fertilizers, and their 
Importance in our Present Condition of 
Agricultural Industry ; see Tenth Annual 
College Report of the Massachusetts Agri- 
cultural College, 1873. 
On Nitrogen and the Extent of its Natural 
Resources for Agricultural Purposes ; see 
Report of Massachusetts State Board of 
Agriculture of 1873-74. 

In 1874. Results of Experiments with the Cultivation 
of the Sugar Beet-Roots throughout the 
State of New York, Eastern Canada, and 
upon the College Farm during the year 
1873 ; see College Report for 1873-74. 
Report on the Present Condition of our 
Resources of Commercial Concentrated Fer- 
tilizers; see First Official Report of the 
State Inspector, C. A. G., Amherst, Mass., 
July 8, 1874. 

Eugene W. Hilgard, Ann Arbor, Mich. — Prof. 
Hilgard, long of the University of Mississippi, and 
attached to the Geological Survey of that State, is 
now the Professor of Chemistry at the University of 
Michigan. 

His chemical papers are as follows : — 

1. Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Lichtflamme (Inaug. 
Diss.). Ann. Chemie und Pharm., vol. xcii. p. 129, 1854. 

(Fifteen analyses of the gases from the " dark cone" 
of the tallow and wax flames ; demonstrating the 
presence of N and H in the lowest parts of the flame, 
the absence of free 0, and the combustion of C prior 
to H, contrary to the statement in most text-books.) 

2. On the Quantitative Assay of Chromium by blow- 
pipe processes. In Proc. A. A. Sc, 1857; abstract 
Am. Journ. Sci., 1857. 

3. On the Condition of our Knowledge of the Chemi- 
cal Processes in Luminous Hydrocarbon Flames. Proc. 
Am. A. Sc, 1868. 

4. On the Geology of the Delta, and the Mudlumps 
of the Passes of the Mississippi. Am. Journ. Sci., 
vol. I., 1 87 1, with analyses of the waters and gases, and 
a discussion.) 



126 

5. On Soil Analyses and their Utility. Am. Journ. 
Set., Dec. 1872. 

6. On the Silt Analysis of Soils and Clays. Am. 
Journ. Set., Oct. and Nov. 1873. 

7. Silt Analyses of Mississippi Soils and Sub-soils. 
Am. Journ. Sci., Jan. 1874. 

Analyses of soils and rocks published in various 
Geological Reports. 

John M. Maisch, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. — Mr. 
Maisch has been editor of the American Journal of 
Pharmacy since the death of Mr. Procter, whose labors 
have been before mentioned. His chemical researches 
have been chiefly in pharmaceutical chemistry, and 
have been published in the American Journal of 
Pharmacy and in Proceedings of the American Phar- 
maceutical Association, as follows : — 

Proximate Analysis. 
Notes on the Alkaloids of Menispermum Canadense. 
Am. Journ. Pharm., 1863, p. 301. 

Berberina in Podophyllum Peltatum. Ibid., 1863, 

P- 303. 

On Resin of Podophyllum, Solubility in Boiling Wa- 
ter. Ibid., 1874, p. 231. 

Absence of Alkaloids in the Dead Stalks of Verat- 
rum Yiride. Ibid., 1864, p. 98. 

Alkaloid in Solanum Pseudo-Capsicum. Ibid., 1864, 
p. 99. 

Active Principle of Rhus Toxicodendron (Toxico- 
dendric Acid). Proc. Am. Pharm. Assn., 1865, p. 166. 

Balsams of Liquidambar styraciflua and Orientale. 
Am. Journ. Pharm., 1874, p. 163. 

Chinese Blistering Bugs (Amount of Cantharidin in). 
Proc. Am. Pharm. Assn., 1872, p. 246. 

Chemical Examination of Coca Leaves. Am. Journ. 
Pharm., 1861, p. 496. 

Adulteration Notes, Assays, etc. 

Carbonate of Lime substituted by Sulphate of Lime. 
Am. Journ. Pharm., 1854, p. 210. 

Examination of Bitartrate of Potassa. Ibid., 1855, 
p. 204. 

A New Falsification (Nitrobenzole) of Oil of Bitter 
Almonds. Ibid., 1857, p. 544. 

Examination of Adulterated Oil of Peppermint. 
Ibid., i860, p. 105. 

Analysis of Commercial Glacial Phosphoric Acid. 
Ibid., i860, p. 193. 



I2 7 

On the Detection of Croton Oil in Mixtures. Ibid., 
i860, p. 306. 

Assay of Milk. Ibid., i860, p. 431. 

Adulteration of Carmine. Ibid., 1861, p. 17. 

Assay of Commercial Iron by Hydrogen. Ibid., 
1861, p. 20. 

Tests for the Purity of Glycerin. Ibid., 1867, p. 117. 

Note on Cheap Glycerin. Ibid., 1867, P- 3°9- 

Detection of Turmeric in Powdered Rhubarb and 
Mustard. Ibid., 1871, p. 259. 

On Volatile Oils (Detection of Adulterations). Proc. 
Am. Pharm. Assn., 1858, p. 344. 

Behavior of Essential Oils to Iodine and Bromine. 
Ibid., 1859, p. 338. 

Occasional Occurrence of Arsenic in American Sul- 
phuric Acid. Ibid., 1863, p. 255. 

Assay of French Brandy and Whiskey. Ibid., 1864, 
p. 291, and 1866, p. 267. 

Quality and Assay of Sherry Wine. Ibid., 1863, p. 
296, and 1866, p. 269. 

Analysis of a Chalybeate Water from Sharon Spring, 
New York. Am. Journ. Pharm., 1861, p. 105. 

Inorganic Chemistry. 

Effects of Sunlight upon Solution of Ferrous Iodide. 
Am. Journ. Pharm., 1854, p. 408, and 1855, p. 218. 

Solubility of Iodides in Syrup of Ferrous Iodide. 
Ibid., 1857, p. 210. 

Protiodide of Mercury (Processes for obtaining it). 
Ibid., 1857, p. 11. 

Alumen Exsiccatum (Heat required for preparing 
it). Ibid., i860, p. 16. 

Crystalline Forms of the Chlorides of Potassium and 
Ammonium. Ibid., i860, p. 521. 

Conversion of Monohydrated into Common Phospho- 
ric Acid. Ibid., 1861, p. 385. 

Pyrophosphate of Soda and Iron. Ibid., 1867, p. 
388. 

Hydrobromic Acid (Preparation of). Proc. Am. 
Pharm. Assn., i860, p. 220. 

Organic Chemistry. 

On the Strength of Diluted Acetic Acid. Am. 
Journ. Pharm., 1858, p. 306. 

Notes on Benzoic Acid and some Benzoates. Ibid., 
i860, p. 204. 

Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solutions of Tartaric 
Acid. Proc. Am. Pharm. Assn., 1863, P- 2 °4- 



128 

Acid Reaction of Chloral Hydrate. Ibid., 1873, P* 
621. 

Chloride of Mercurethyl (Review of Literature). 
Am. Joum. Pharm., 1873, p. 9. 

Citrate of Ammonia a Solvent for Phosphate of Iron. 
Ibid., 1859, p. 410. 

Solution of Citrate of Magnesia. Ibid., 1867, P- *■ 

Solution of Acetate of Iron. Ibid., 1867, p. 7. 

Preparation of Heavy Oil of Wine. Ibid., 1865, p. 
100. 

Decomposition of Pure Chloroform. Proc. Am. 
Pharm. Assn., 1866, p. 264, and Am. Joum. Pharm., 
1868, p. 289. 

On Amylo-Nitrous Ether (Preparation of Nitrate of 
Amyl). Am. Joum. Pharm., 1871, p. 146. 

Monobromated Camphor (New Process, Properties, 
Analysis). Ibid., 1872, p. 337. 

On Colchicia. Ibid., 1867, p. 97. 

Decomposition of Acetate of Morphia in Aqueous 
Solutions. Ibid., 1871, p. 49. 

Precipitation of Morphia Salts by Alkaline Cyanides. 
Ibid., 1871, p. 258. 

Decomposition of Sulphate of Quinia by Acetates. 
Ibid., 1855, p. 97, and 1858, p. 385. 

Precipitation of Quinia by Iodide of Potassium from 
Acid Solutions. Ibid., 1871, p. 51. 

Solubility of Glue in Glycerin. Ibid., 1870, p. 515. 

Theo. G. Wormley, M. P., Professor of Chemistry 
and Toxicology at Starling Medical College, Columbus, 
Ohio, is widely known to chemists by his beautiful 
work, " The Micro-Chemistry of Poisons," which, as an 
original contribution to the special department of 
chemistry which it covers, has no equal in any lan- 
guage. This work is unrivalled in its exquisite plates, 
drawn and engraved by the graceful hand of Mrs. 
Wormley. Besides this standard work, Dr. Wormley 
has contributed the following original papers : — 

" Systematic Quantitative Analysis of Urine," Ohio 
Med. and Surg. Joum., vol. vii. July, 1855. 

"Chemical Reactions of Strychnine," Amer. Joum. 
Sci. and Arts, 2d series, xxviii. Sept. 1859. 

" Chemical Reactions of Atropine," Chemical News 
(London), vol. ii. June, i860. 

" Chemical Reactions of Brucine," Ibid., ii. July, 
i860. 

" Chemical Reactions of Morphia," Ibid., ii. Sept. 
i860. 



129 

" Chemical Reactions of Narcotine and Meconic 
Acid," Ibid., ii. Sept. i860. 

" Chemical Reactions of Corrosive Sublimate." Ibid., 
ii. No. 43. 

" Chemical Reactions of Veratrine," Ohio Med. and 
Surg. Journ., xii. No. 6, i860. 

" Chemical Reactions of Nicotine and Daturine," 
Ibid., vol. xiii. No. 1. 

" Chemical Reactions of Solanine," Ibid., vol. xiii. 
No. 2. 

" Chemical Reactions of Codeine, Meconine, Nar- 
ceine, and of Aconitine." Ibid., xiii. No. 4, 1861. 

" Chemical Reactions of Conine," Ibid., xiv. No. 1 , 
1862. 

" Chemical Reactions of Oxalic Acid," Ibid., xiv. 
No. 5. 

" Contribution to onr Knowledge of the Chemical 
Composition of Gelseininum Sempervirens," Amer. 
Journ. Pharmacy, 3d series, xviii. No. 1, 1870. 

The last-named paper contains an account of the 
mode of preparation and the chemical and physiological 
properties of a new alkaloid (gelseminiue), and of a 
new organic acid (gelseminic acid). 

" Methods of Analysis of Coals, Iron Ores, Furnace 
Slags, Fire Clays, Limestones, and of Soils," Report of 
Progress of Geological Survey of Ohio for 1870. 

Dr. John C. Draper, of the College of the City of 
New York, has made the following contributions : — 

1. " Origin of Urea in the Body," N. Y. Journ. of 
Med., Feb. 1856. 

2. '• Products of Respiration," N. Y. Med. Times, 
July, 1856. 

3. "Determination of the Diurnal Amount of Sun- 
shine by the Precipitation of Gold,'' Lond. Phil. Mag., 
Aug. 1859. 

4. " Insensible Perspiration," Proceedings of N. Y. 
Academy of Medicine, 1 864. 

5. "Adulterations in Coffee," Lond. Phil. Mag., 
Aug. 1867. 

6. "Improvement in Filtration," Ibid., May, 1870. 

7. " New Light Unit," Scientific American, Oct. 
21, 1871. 

8. " Causes of Decay in Brick and Stone," Ibid., 
Nov. 25 and Dec. 2, 1871. 

9. "New Process for the Quantitative Determination 
of Arsenic," American Chemist, June, 1872. 

9 



13° 

io. " Growth of Seedling Plants," Amer. Journ. of 
Science and Arts, Nov. 1872. 

n. " Influence of Cold on the Temperature of the 
Body," Ibid., Dec. 1872. 

James Schikl, St. Louis, Mo. — In addition to the 
titles given on page in, we note as follows: — 

On the Classification of Organic Substances by series, 
Am. Journ. Set. [2], xxxii. 48, 1861. This author had 
previously, as early as 1842, enunciated already the 
principle of progressive series, afterwards adopted by 
Gerhardt, unchanged, save only in name, under the title 
of Chemical Homology. Dr. Schiel's original paper was 
entitled — 

"Bemerkungen Uber die Organischen Eadikale," 
Liebig fy Wohler's Annalen der Ch., etc., xliii. 107. 
July, 1842. 

Dr. Schiel's paper, in 1861, is certainly one of the 
most important contributions made in America to 
chemical theory. 

Einleitung in das Studium der Organischen Chemie. 
Erlangen, i860, 8vo. This excellent treatise followed 
close upon the author's work on Organic and Gas Ana- 
lysis, noticed on page in. It contains a chapter on the 
classification of organic bodies by series, which fully sets 
forth the author's original views on this subject. 

" On the Presence of Phosphoric Acid in Igneous 
Rocks." Am. Journ. Sci. [2], xxxi. 383, 1861. 

The following additional titles of papers by Dr. 
Schiel are found in Liebig unci Kopp's Annalen, etc., 
Ueber die Angebliche Eigenschaft der Galle, den 
Zucker in Fett liberzuflihren, lviii. 96, 1846. 

Beitr'age zur Kenntniss des Krapps, lx. 74, 1846. 

Annalyse der Krappsamenasche, lxix. 143. 

Alex. Means, LL.D., Prof. Natural Philosophy, 
Emory College, Oxford, Ga. — Dr. Means has published 
the following essays and contributions falling within 
our plan : — 

1. A treatise upon "Electro-physiology," published 
by request of the Class of the Medical College of the 
State of Georgia, in the year 1840, in which institution 
the author was for nineteen years Professor of Chemistry 
and Pharmacy. It was subsequently republished in the 
Medical and Surgical Journal, issued by that college. 

2. An article upon "The Dichloride of Mercury 
(Calomel)," published afterwards in the same Journal, 
for March, 1845. 

3. An essay on "Alcohol — its History, Pharma 



i3i 

ceutical Origin and Uses, Chemical Constitution, 
Medical Claims and 'Modus operandi ;' together with 
the Physiological and Pathological Phenomena con- 
sequent upon its administration, and the Antidotal 
Treatment required." Published in the Augusta Med. 
and Surg. Journal, Feb. 1847. 

4. An article entitled " The Philosophical Construc- 
tion of Chemicals," adapted to practical use, and the 
chemical laws involved explained and illustrated by- 
appropriate diagrams. Published in the Educational 
Repository and Family Monthly, the organ of the 
" Educational Institute of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church South," July, i860. 

5. An essay on " Electricity," embracing its history 
as a science, and its phenomenal manifestation in the 
organic and inorganic kingdoms of nature. Published 
serially in ScotVs Monthly Magazine, Atlanta, Ga., in 
1867. 

6. An article on " The Poison of Yenomous Reptiles." 
Published in the Medical and Surgical Journal of 
Augusta, Ga., Jan. 1846. 

7. Analysis of the Atlanta Mineral Springs, and of 
the Warm Springs of Merewether County, Ga. Car- 
bonated chalybeate waters; together with the Cold 
Spring. Acidulo-carbonated chalybeate waters in the 
same locality. These were published by Mr. George 
White, formerly of Savannah, in his volume entitled 
"Statistics of the State of Georgia," in 1849. 

Dr. Means has invented several new forms of appa- 
ratus for chemical and physical illustration, for which he 
has received premiums of silver plate. These pieces of 
apparatus are all to be found in the catalogue of Mr. 
E. S. Retchie, 1855. 

P. D. Keyser, M.D., Philadelphia, Pa. — Dr. Keyser, 
while a student in Dr. F. A. Genth's laboratory, pub- 
lished the following analyses, which are all to be found 
in the fifth edition of Dana's Mineralogy. 

1853. Oweuite from Harper's Ferry. Am. Journ. 
Sci. [2], xvi. 168. 

1854. Thalite of Owen. Ibid. [2], xvii. 131. 

1855. Allanite from Reading and Bethlehem, Pa., 
and from Orange County, N. Y. Ibid. [2], xix. 20. 

1857. Barnhardite, a new mineral. Ibid., 17. 

Josiah P. Cooke, Jr., of Harvard University, has been 
an assiduous and successful laborer, both in the field of 
authorship, teaching, and research, alike in pure che- 
mistry, molecular physics, and theoretical chemistry. 



1 3 2 

His " Chemical Physics," published in i860, is an ela- 
borate treatise, in advance of anything before attempted 
in this country, or in fact in our language; and in his 
''First Principles of Chemical Philosophy" (1868), 
we have the matured development of an earlier book, 
"Chemical Problems and Reactions" (1857). These 
works mark an important advance in the methods of 
chemical instruction in this country. In the Chemical 
Philosophy the subject is developed according to the 
modern theories of the science. In Part First the funda- 
mental principles of the science are discussed, and in 
the Second Part a brief summary of the more important 
elements and compounds is given, illustrated and en- 
forced by means of familiar reactions and problems. 
As is well known, Prof. Cooke had been largely instru- 
mental in changing the older didactic methods of chemi- 
cal instruction formerly in use, rendering them more 
exact and searching by a free use of the blackboard in 
the recitation room and laboratory. 

In 1854, Prof. Cooke communicated to the American 
Academy, at Boston, a memoir on " The numerical re- 
lation between the atomic weights, with some thoughts 
on the classification of the chemical elements." This 
paper is also found in the American Jour, of Science 
( [2], xvii. pp. 387-407), accompanied by a table of the 
"Isomorphs," "Homologues," and "Atomic weights" 
of the several series, or groups of elements, with their 
" affiliations." This memoir received the highest 
encomiums of Sir John Herschel in his remarks on 
chemical science, at the Leeds meeting of the British 
Association for Advancement of Science, in 1858. Its 
principles are embodied in the author's Chemical 
Philosophy. 

In 1855, Prof- Cooke published a memoir " On an ap- 
parent Perturbation of the Law of Definite Proportions 
observed in the compounds of Zinc and Antimony" and 
this paper was in September, i860, followed by a second 
on the same subject entitled " Crystalline Form not 
necessarily an indication of Definite Chemical Composi- 
tion ; or on the possible variation of constitution in a 
mineral species independent of the phenomena of iso- 
morphism." These papers are both founded on the careful 
study of the compounds of zinc and antimony, the nature 
of which was first set forth by the same author in his 
memoir " On Stibiotrizincite and Stibiobizincite, two 
new compounds of Zinc and Antimony, with some re- 
marks on the decomposition of water by the alloys of 



133 

these metals" (American Journ. 'of Science, [2] xvii., 
pp. 229-237) ; this whole research is a fine model of a 
chemical investigation. It is noteworthy that two of 
the gentlemen who were at the time of these investiga- 
tions students in Prof. Cooke's laboratory, and whose 
work in this investigation the author gratefully rec- 
ognizes, are Messrs. Eliot and Storer, names since, and 
now, so honorably associated in higher, and the highest 
duties, in Harvard University, and in joint authorship 
of books on our science of wide use in our best colleges 
and schools. 

Another paper on theoretical chemistry by Prof, 
Cooke is that '" On Atomic Ratio in Mineral Formulae," 
published in 1869 (Am. Journ. of Sci., [2] xlvii. pp. 
386-390.) 

" Chemistry and Religion" is the title of a series of 
Sunday evening lectures, delivered upon the Graham 
foundation in Brooklyn in 1861. It is an American 
Bridgewater Treatise, and considers in an able and 
attractive manner the proofs of God's plan in the 
atmosphere and its elements (8vo. pp. 348, N. Y., Chas. 
Scribner, 1864). 

Prof. Cooke's paper " On Danalite. a new mineral 
species from the Granite of Rockport, Mass." (Am. 
Jour. Sci. [2], xlii. 73, 1866), is a fine example of 
chemical research, and of the value of accurate obser- 
vation for the discovery of new and interesting facts in 
old fields supposed to have been long since gleaned. 

Prof. Cooke has lately published 4< The New Che- 
mistry," a volume of 326 pages in The International 
Scientific Series, which is a lucid and logical discussion 
of the principles of chemical philosophy in a series of 
thirteen lectures, which were delivered before the 
Lowell Institute in Boston, in the autumn of 1872. Of 
this volume it is remarked by the Am. Journ. of Sci. 
(April, 1874), "Prof. Cooke's style is always attrac- 
tive for its clearness, precision, and polish, and any cul- 
tivated person, whether previously acquainted with 
chemistry or not, can read this discussion of chemical 
philosophy with both pleasure and profit. It is need- 
less to add that the subject is discussed, as its title 
demands, in the terms of the new chemistry." 

Of special researches in mineralogical and general 
chemistry, Prof. Cooke has published many valuable 
papers, chiefly in the American Journal of Science, 
and in the Proceedings of the American Academy, at 
Boston, special mention of which it is needless to 



134 

make at this time. His last memoir, " On the Yermicu- 
lites," is certainly one of the most important contri- 
butions to mineralogieal chemistry which has been made 
by any chemist, at home or abroad, in some years, 
whether we regard it from its chemical, physical, or 
mineralogieal aspects. It forms part of the ninth 
volume of the Proceedings of the American Academy 
of Arts, etc., at Boston, and a full abstract of it will be 
found in the seventh volume of the 3d series of Am. 
Journ. of Sci., pp. 420-437. 

Prof. Cooke has also made many and important con- 
tributions to the apparatus for chemical and physical 
demonstration and research, with the cunning hand 
of a skilful experimentalist and manipulator. 

Under the voluntary or elective system now in vogue 
at Harvard, and of which Prof. Cooke has been an 
earnest and successful advocate, that University has 
now the largest number of under-graduates devoted to 
chemical studies in their well-appointed chemical labora- 
tories which have been assembled at any academical 
institution in this country. 

John Addison Portee. — The late Prof. Porter, who 
died in 1866, was a graduate of Yale College in 1842, 
studied chemistry with Liebig at Giessen after a brief 
term of service as Professor of Ehetoric and Eeub 
Languages in Newark College, Delaware; was ap- 
pointed to the chair of Technical Chemistry at Breren 
University, when in 1853 he was transferred to the 
chair of Agricultural Chemistry, and then of Organic 
Chemistry, in the Scientific School at Yale College, 
afterwards to the Sheffield Scientific School. Prof. 
Porter was distinguished for his scholarly accomplish- 
ments. His published papers in Chemistry are — 

1849. "Unterschung der Asche Menschlichcr Ex- 
cremente." Ann. d. Ch. u. Pharm., lxxi. 109. 

1849. "Ueber ein Product der Einwirkung der Sal- 
peter saure auf Holzfaser." Ibid., 115. 

1850. " Aschenanalyse vol Hafer, Herr und dern 
Eiickstand von der Destination des Kartoftelbrannt- 
weins." 7 M'd.. lxxvi. 382. 

1849. "Asiz analysis: Potato refuse; Oats; Hay." 
Amer. Journ. Sci. [2], ix. 20. 

1849. "A Product of the Action of Nitric Acid on 
Woody Fibre." Ibid., 20. 

Prof. Porter was the author of a Chemical Text- 
book for Schools, which has passed through many 
editions. A notice of his life will be found in the 
Amer. Journ. Sci. [2], xlii. 290, 1S66. 



135 

Newton Spalding Mauross, Ph.D. — The late Prof. 
Mauross. who fell while gallantly leading a charge at 
the head of his company in the sixteenth Connecticut 
Volunteers at the battle of Autietam. September 17, 
1862, was then acting Professor of Chemistry at Am- 
herst, Mass. Dr. Mauross was a graduate at Yale 
College in 1849. and took the Degree of Doctor of 
Philosophy, at Gottingen, in 1852. Dr. Mauross pub- 
lished : — 

1852. " Artificial Formation of Minerals," an inaugu- 
ral dissertation at Gottingen. The mineral species 
found and described, with analyses, were Heavy Spar; 
Celestine ; Archydrite ; Apatite ; Pyromerphite ; Wol- 
fram ; Tungsten ; Scheeletine ; Wolfenite ; Crocoirite ; 
and Anglesite. Amer. Journ. Sci. [2], xvi. 186, and 
Ann. d. Cliem. u.Pharm., Ixxxii. 348. 

" Ueber die Kunstlicher Darsteltung von Krystalt- 
isirtem Wolfranisaurem Kalk." Ann. d. Chem. u. 
Pharm.. Ixxxi. 243. 

1855. Dr. Mauross also published an interesting 
" Notice of the Pitch Lake, Lake of Trinidad." Amer. 
Journ. Sci. [2], xx. 153. 

Dr. Mauross was chiefly chosen to the work of an 
explorer and engineer of mines. He made extensive 
journeys in Mexico, Central America, and Venezuela, 
and was the first to bring to our notice the Auriferous 
deposits of the Oronoco. 

John Dean. Ph.D., of Boston. Mass.— 1. Value of 
Different Kinds of Prepared Vegetable Food. Com- 
municated to the Am. Acad, of Arts and Sci., April 
25, 1844. 

2. The Organic Compounds of Tellurium and Sele- 
nium belonging to the Alcohol Series. Gottingen, 
1855. 

Hexry Draper, of the University of New York, has 
made the following contributions upon subjects allied 
to chemistry : — 

1. li On the Functions of the Spleen." in 1857. 

2. " On the Use of Protochloride of Palladium," read 
before the British Association in 1857. 

3. " On the use of a Silvered Glass Mirror 15^- inches 
in Aperture in Photographing Celestial Bodies," pub- 
lished in the Smithsonian Contributions, i860. 

4. A paper on " Astronomical Photography." in the 
London, Edin., and Dub. Phil. Mag.. 1864. 

5. Memoirs on "The Determination of the Wave- 
lengths of the Ultra-violet Spectrum Lines and DiSrac- 



136 

tion Spectrum Photography." published in the Ameri- 
can Journal of Science, 1873 » the Philosophical Mag- 
azine, 1873; Memoire Degli Spettroscopisti Italiani, 
1873 ; " Nature'' 1873 5 Poggendorfs Annalen, 1874 ; 
and read before the French Academy, and published in 
the Comptes Rendus in full in 1874. 

He also revised and republished in 1866 "Draper's 
Text-Book of Chemistry." 

Matthew Carey Lea, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. — 
Mr. Lea has been an industrious worker in chemical 
research as well as in photographic chemistry. His 
chemical papers are as follows : — 

1858. On Picric Acid and its Salts. Sill. Journ. [2], 
xxvi. 379. 

i860. Numerical Eelations of the Equivalent Num- 
bers of Elementary Bodies. Ibid., xxix. 98, 349 ; xxx. 
399; [3], iv. 387. 

i860. Production of Ethylamine. Ibid. [2], xxxi. 
401. 

i860. Optical Properties of Picrate of Manganese. 
Ibid. [2], xxx. 3, 99. 

1 86 1. On a Series of New Combinations of Ammo- 
nia, Picric Acid, and Metallic Bases. Ibid. [2], xxxi. 
78. 

1 86 1. Sources of Error in the Employment of Picric 
Acid to Detect the Presence of Potash. Ibid. [2], 
xxxi. 75. 

1 86 1. Effects of Keducing Agents upon Nitrate of 
Ethyl. Chem. Neius, iv. 230. 

186 1. Estimation of Nitrogen, and on an Acidi- 
metric Process. Sill. Journ. [2], xxxi. 189; Chem. 
News, iv. 195. 

1 86 1. Exact Separation of the Ethyl Bases. Sill. 
Journ. [2], xxxii. 26 ; Chem. News, iv. 71. 

1861. Formation of Picramic Acid. Sill. Journ. [2], 
xxxii. 188 ; Chem. News, iv. 193. 

1861. Preparation of Nitrate and Nitrite of Ethyl. 
Sill. Journ. [2J, xxxii. yj, xxxiii. 86 ; Chem. News, iv. 
219. 

1 86 1. Preparation of Urea from Ferrocyanide of 
Potassium. Sill. Journ. [2], xxxii. 179. 

1 86 1. Production of Ethyl Bases. Silt. Journ. [2], 
xxxii. 25 ; Chem. News, iv. 88. 

1862. Action of Nitric Acid on Picramic Acid. Sill. 
Journ. [2], xxxii. 210 ; Chem. Neivs, v. 18. 

1862. Contributions to History of Picric Acid. Sill. 
Journ. [2], xxxii. 180; Chem. News, v. 5. 



137 

1 862. Further Remarks on the Preparation of the 
Ethyl Bases by means of Nitrate of Ethyl, and their 
Separation. Chem. News, v. 211. 

1862. Estimation of Nitrogen. Ibid., v. 28. 

1862. Nitrate of Ethyl. Ibid., v. 158. 

1862, 1865. Production of New Coloring- Matters by 
Decomposition of Nitronaphthaline and Dinitronaph- 
thaline. Sill. Journ. [2], xxxii. 211, xxxiii. 229, 
xxxviii. 360 ; Chem. News, v. 73, xi. 230. 

1862. Production of Nitrate of Methyl. Sill. Journ. 
[2], xxxiii. 227; Chem. News, v. 310. 

1862. Reaction of Ethyl Bases with Dr. Knop's New 
Hydrofluosilicic Acid. . Chem. News, v. 143. 

1862. Reaction of Ethylamine and Diethylamine. 
Sill. Journ. [2], xxxiii. 80 ; Chem. Neios, v. 127. 

1862. On Methylamine. Sill. Journ. [2], xxxiii. 
366 ; Chem. News, vi. 46. 

1862. On Triethylamine. Sill. Journ. [2], xxxiv. 
66 ; Chem. News, vi. 97. 

1863. Arithmetical Relations between Chemical 
Equivalents. Chem. News, vii. 63. 

1863. On a Constant Aspirator and Blower. Sill. 
Journ. [2], xxxiv. 245 ; Chem. News. vii. 37. 

1864. Notes on Platinum Metals and their separation 
from each other: Sill. Journ., xxxviii. 81 ; Chem. 
News. ix. 279, 301. 

• 1864. Remarks on the Distillation of Substances of 
different Volatilities. Sill. Journ. [2], xxxvii. 377; 
Chem. News. 

1865. Influence of Ozone and some other Chemical 
Agents on Germination and Vegetation. Sill. Journ. 
[2]. xxxvii. 373 ; Chem. News, xi. 229. 

1865. On the Platinum Metals. Sill. Journ. [2] 
xxxviii. 248 ; Chem. Neios, xi. 3, 13. 

1865. On the Nature of the Invisible Photographic 
Image. Sill. Journ., xl. 109 ; Chem. News, xii. 101. 

1865. Reaction of Gelatine. Sill. Journ, [2], xl 81 ; 
Chem. Neios, xii. 73. 

1866. Detection of Iodine. Sill. Journ. [2], xlii. 
109 ; Chem. Neios, xiv. 

1867. A New Test for Hyposulphites. Sill. Journ. 
[2], lxiv. 222 ; Chem. News, xvi. 

1868. On Nitroglucose. Sill. Journ. [2], lxv. 381 ; 
Chem, News, xviii. 

1864. Coloration of Faded Photographs. Sill. Journ. 
[2], xxxvii. 438. 

1865. Ozone on Insensitive Iodide and Bromide of 
Silver. Ibid. [2], xxxix. 210. 



138 

1867. A Theory of Photo-Chemistry. Ibid. [2], 
xliv. 71. 

1867. Germination. Ibid. [2], xliii. 197. 

1867. Light on Iodide of Silver. Ibid. [2], xlii. 198. 

1869. Transmitted and Diffused Light. Ibid. [2], 
xlii. 364. 

1872. Method of Estimating Ethylic Alcohol when 
present in Mythylic Alcohol. Ibid. [3], iii. 365. 

1874. A Combination of Silver Chloride with Mer- 
curic Iodide. Ibid. [3], vii. 34. 

1874. Color and Reduction by Light. Ibid. [3], vii. 
200. 

1874. Laboratory Notes. Ibid. [3], vii. 376. 

1874. Action of Light on Silver Bromides. Ibid. 
[3], vii. 483. 

In addition to the foregoing Mr. Lea has published 
over one hundred papers on photo-chemical and photo- 
graphic subjects which have appeared in the British 
Journal of Photography and other photographic jour- 
nals. He is also the author of a Manual of Photo- 
graphy, the first edition of which appeared in 1868 and 
the second in 1871. 

Chas. F. Chandler, Ph.D., New York, Professor of 
Chemistry in the Columbia College School of Mines, 
etc., has been an industrious working chemist, and 
charged with numerous responsible duties of adminis 7 
tration in the School of Mines and in other educational 
and public institutions in New York. 

He has made the following contributions: — 

1. Miscellaneous Chemical Researches. 
Inaugural Dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of 

Philosophy. Gottingen, 1856. 

I. Zircon from Buncombe County (North Caro- 
lina). 
II. Saussurite from Zobten. 

III. Stassfurthite from Stassfurth. 

IV. Analysis of a rock resembling Talcose Slate, 

from Zipser. 
V.- Columbite from Middletown. 
YI. Columbite from Bodenmais. 
YIT. Tantalite from Chanteloube. 
VIII. Yttrotantalite from Ytterby. 
IX. Samarskite from the Ural. 
X. Experiments on the Cerium Metals. 
XI. Artificial Heavy Spar. 

2. An Investigation on the formation of Alcohol 



139 

during fermentation. Published in " Biblical Temper- 
ance," by E. C. Delavan, Esq. 

3. Analysis of Dolomite. In the Report of the Geo- 
logical Survey of Iowa, by James Hall and J. D. Whit- 
ney. Albany, 1858. 

4. Examination of Interesting Urinary Calculi, in- 
cluded in a report of Dr. Alden March. Printed in the 
Annual Report of the N. Y. State Medical Society for 
1858. 

5. Analysis of Datolith. Am. Journ. Sri., 1859, 
xxviii. p. 13. 

6. A new Metal in the Native Platinum of Rogue 
River, Oregon. Ibid., May, 1862. p. 351. 

7. Analysis of 1 Blende, 2 Smithsouites, 1 Cerusite ; 
and with J. P. Kimball, analyses of 9 Shales, 5 Gale- 
nas. 1 Dolomite. 

In the Report of the Geological Survey of the Upper 
Mississippi Lead Region, by Prof. J. D. Whitney. 
Albany, 1862. 

8. Report on Water for Locomotives and Boiler In- 
crustations, made to the President and Directors of the 
N. Y. Central R. R., including analyses of Waters 
between Albany and Niagara Falls, and Analyses of 
Incrustations. Pamphlet, 8vo. 35 pp. New York, 
1865. 

9. Report on the Petroleum of the Taro, Italy. 8vo. 
8pp. New York, 1866. 

10. Sanitary Qualities of the Water Supplies of 
New York and Brooklyn. Report to the Metropolitan 
Board of Health. 8vo. 9 pp. New York, 1868. 

11. Analysis of the Ballston Artesian Spring. By 
C. F. Chandler and E. Root. American Supplement 
to the Chemical News, July, 1869, p. 54. 

1 2. A New System of Assay Weights. Ibid., August, 
1869, p. 113. 

13. Analyses of six New Mineral Springs at Sara- 
toga. Ibid., Sept. 1869, p. 194. 

14. Analysis of the Saratoga Seltzer Spring. By C. 
F. Chandler and Paul Schweitzer. Ibid., Dec. 1869, 

P- 395- 

15. Report on the Quality of the Milk Supply of the 
Metropolitan District ; made to the Metropolitan Board 
of Health. 8vo. 13 pp. New York, 1870. Also in 
the Am. Chemist, August, 1870, p. 41. 

16. Report on the Water Supply of New York and 
Brooklyn ; made to the Metropolitan Board of Health. 
8vo. 9 pp. New York, 1 8 70. 



140 

ij. Report on the Quality of the Kerosene Oil sold 
in the Metropolitan District ; made to the Metropolitan 
Board of Health. 8vo. 23 pp. New York, 1870. 

18. Report on the Gas Nuisance in New York; 
made to the Metropolitan Board of Health. Including 
a special discussion of the different methods of purifica- 
tion. 8vo. 109 pp. New York, 1870. 

19. Report on Dangerous Cosmetics ; made to the 
Metropolitan Board of Health. 8vo. 7 pp. New York, 
1870. Also in American Supplement to the Chemical 
News, May, 1870, p. 293. 

20. The Purification of Coal Gas, and the Gas 
Nuisance in New York. Ibid., February, 1870, p. 
117 ; March, 1870, p. 177. 

21. Analyses of the Chittenango Sulphur Springs, 
Madison Co., N. Y. Ibid., April, 1870, p. 221. 

22. Saltness of the Waters around the Island of New 
York. Ibid., April. 1870, p. 225. 

23. A Simple Lecture Experiment to show the 
Solubility of Carbonate of Lime in Carbonic Acid. 
Ibid., April, 1870, p. 228. 

24. Analysis of the Geyser Spring of Saratoga. By 
C. F. Chandler and F. A. Cairns. Ibid., June, 1870, 

P- 373- 

25. Lecture on Water ; delivered befere the American 
Institute. 8vo. 49 pp. Albany, 1871. 

26. Lecture on Water. (Revised and Elaborated.) 
Am. Chemist. 

1. General. November, 18 71, p. 161. 

2. Mineral Waters. December, 1871, 201. 

3. Water for Manufacturing and Domestic Purposes. 

January, 1872, p. 259. 
February, 1872, p. 281. 

4. The Croton. March, 1872, p. 321. 

27. Report on Petroleum as an Illuminator, and the. 
Advantages and Perils which attend its Use, with 
Special Reference to the Prevention of the Traffic in 
Dangerous Kerosene and Naphtha ; made to the Health 
Department of the City of New York. 8vo. no pp. 
New York, 1871. 

28. Analysis of the Florida Sulphur Spring. Am. 
Chem., February, 18 71, p. 300. 

29. .Reduction of Nitrate of Silver by Charcoal. 
Ibid., March, 1871, p. 346. 

30. Analyses of Staten Island Waters. By C. F. 
Chandler and F. A. Cairns. Ibid., March, 1871, p. 
347- 



Hi 

31. Composition of Commercial Zinc. Ibid., May, 

1871, p. 420. 

32. Condensed Milk ; its Manufacture and Composi- 
tion. Ibid., July, 1871, p. 25. 

33. Keport on the Water of the Hudson Eiver; 
made to the AVater Commissioners of the City of 
Albany. A special discussion of the destruction of 
the sewage contamination of large rivers, caused by 
the dissolved oxygen. 8vo. 25 pp. Albany, 1872. 

34. Keport on Petroleum Oil, its Advantages and 
Disadvantages ; made to the Department of Health, 
(Revised and Elaborated.) Am. Client., May, 1872, p. 
409; June, 1872, p. 446; July, 1872, p. 20; August, 

1872. p. 41. 

35. Analysis of the Empire Spring at Saratoga. By 
C. F. Chandler and F. A. Cairns. Ibid., Sept., 1872, 

P-93- 

36. Analysis of the Glacier Spouting Spring at Sa- 
ratoga. By C. F. Chandler and F. A. Cairns. Ibid., 
November, 1872, p. 165. 

H. B. Nason, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Rens- 
selaer Institute, Troy, N. Y. — Prof. Nason has pub- 
lished in the German journals some time since papers of 
which he has supplied only the titles, as follows : — 

On the Formation of Ether. 

On the Analysis of Meteoric Masses. 

On some Minerals of Iceland named by Walters- 
hausen. 

On the Mineral called Skeroklas by Sartorius v. 
Waltershausen. 

And subsequently : — 

Table for Qualitative Analysis, indicating color of 
precipitates with diagrams. 

Translation, with many additions, of Wohler's Mine- 
ral Analysis. 

1873. Elderhorst's Manual of Blowpipe Analysis. 
Edited with C. F. Chandler. 

Frank H. Storer, Bussey Agricultural College, Har- 
vard University, Jamaica Plain, Mass. — Prof. Storer's 
" Dictionary of Chemical Solubilities," and his " Cyclo- 
pedia of Quantitative Analysis," are the constant com- 
panions of every American chemist. He has also pub- 
lished the following papers : — 

1858. " Behavior of CaC and BaC with various Saline 
Solutions ; on the Determination of Carbonic Acid." 
Sill. Journ. [2], xxv. 41. 



142 

1858. On Larves of Flies resisting Arsenic. Ibid. [2], 
xxviii. 166. 

i860. On Loss of Light by Glass Shades. Ibid. [2], 
xxx. 420, xxxi. 284. 

i860. Review of Antisell on Photogenic Oils. Ibid., 
xxx. 112, 254. 

1861. On Impurities of Zinc. Ibid. [2], xxxi. 142, 
xxxii. 380. 

1 86 1. Alloys of Copper and Zinc. Ibid. [2], xxx. 
286, 423. 

1 86 1. Lead in Silver Coins. Ibid. [2], xxxi. 430. 

1 86 1. Keroselene. Ibid. [2], xxxii. 276, 

1862. American Process of Working Platinum. Ibid. 
[2], xxxiii. 124. 

1862. Arsenic Eating in Styria. Ibid. [2], xxxiii. 
126. 

1867. Hydrocarbons from Animal Fats. Ibid. [2], 
xxxiii. 250. 

1867. Naphtha from Rangoon Petroleum. Ibid. [2], 
xliii. 251. 

1869. On Nitric Acid and Chlorate of Potassium as 
an Oxidizing Mixture. Ibid., xlviii. 190. 

1859. Depot de soufre dans les tuyaux a gaz. Rept. 
de Gh. App., 495. 

i860. Influence de l'argent sur la duree des doubla- 
ges. Ibid., 82. 

1 86 1 . Sur l'extrgme difficulte qu' on eprouve a enlever 
les dernieres traces d'acide carbonique d'une volume 
considerable d' air atmospherique. Rept. de Gh. App., 
205. 

1 86 1. La question du pain aere\ description du pro- 
cede Horsford. Ibid., 347. 

186 1. Sur le chromate de chrome et les chromates 
analogues. Ibid., 390. 

1 86 1. Recherche du chrome en presence du fer. 
Ibid., 58. 

1863. Substitution du verre soluble au savon resin- 
eux dans la fabrication des savons. Ibid., 5. 

1863. Sur les cartouches impermeables de M. Dorn- 
bach. Ibid., 91. 

1863. Sur la contrafacon des billets de banque. Ibid., 
109. 

1865. Hydrocarbon Naphtha obtained from Product 
of Destructive Distillation of Lime Soap. Jointly with 
C. M. Warren. Am. Acad. Bost., vii. 1. 

1863-64. First Outlines of a Dictionary of Solubili- 
ties of Chemical Substances. 1 vol., 8vo., pp. 713. 



H3 

1863-64. Memoir on the Alloys of Copper and Zinc, 
4to., pp. 29. 

1866. Ethics of Adulteration. Harper's Magazine, 
xxxii. 635. 

1870. Soluble lead-salt and free S in sherry wine. 
Chemical News, xxi. 1 7. 

1870. Assay of Galena. Ibid., xxi. 137. 

1870. Examples for Practice in Quantitative Analy- 
sis. Ibid., xxii. 89, 187. 

1870-73. Cyclopaedia of Quantitative Analysis. 8vo., 
2 parts, pp. 112 and 113-224. 

1874. Bulletin of the Bussey Institution [Jamaica 
Plain (Boston)]. 8vo., 2 parts, pp. 80 and 81-184. 
Cambridge. 

With Charles W. Eliot. 

1874. A Manual of Inorganic Chemistry, arranged 
to facilitate the Experimental Demonstration of the 
Facts and Principles of the Science. 1 vol., 8vo. 

1874. A Compendious Manual of Qualitative Chem- 
ical Analysis. 1 vol., 8vo. 

1874. Memoir on the Impurities of Commercial Zinc. 
4to., pp. 39. 

James P. Kimball, PhD., F.G.S., Professor of Geo- 
logy in Lehigh University. 

On Sodalite and Elaeolite from Salem, Mass. Am. 
Jour, of Arts and Sciences, 1859. 

A series of analyses of bituminous shales in connec- 
tion with Prof. C. F. Chandler. Geology of Wiscon- 
sin. Yol. I., by Prof. J. D. Whitney. 

On Aluminous Magnetite (Emery) and its uses in 
Iron Metallurgy. Am. Chernist, Vol. IV., p. 321. 

Dr. Kimball's contributions to science have been 
mainly geological. 

C. Gilbert Wheeler, Prof, of Chemistry in the 
University of Chicago, Illinois, has made the following 
contributions to our chemical literature : — 

1859. Analysis of various Missouri Coals. Report 
of Missouri Geological Survey. 

1865. 1' ne Inorganic Constituents of Bavarian Hops 
and Analyses of the Leading Soils on which they are 
cultivated. Journal fur Praktische Chemie. vol. 
xciv. 

1865. A Method of Determining Carbon, Hydrogen, 
Nitrogen, and Oxygen at one Operation. Ibid., vol. 
xcv. 

1867. On the Action of Zinc and Sulphuric Acid 



144 

upon Cyanacetic Acid. Ann. Cliem. and Phar., vol. 
cxliii. Bull. Soc. Chem. [2], viii. 116. 

1867. On the Bisulphide of Phenyl, and the Bisul- 
phide of Brom-phenyl. Zeitsch. fur Chem., 1867, pp. 
436. 

1867. Action of Hypochlorous Acid on Oil of Tur- 
pentine. Bull. Soc. Chim. [2], x. 288. 

1867. Action of Hypochlorous Acid on Camphor. 
Zeitsch. Chem., 1868, 122. 

1866. On a Method of Determining O.H.N-f at 
one operation. Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1866, Jan- 
uary number. 

1868.. Action of Binoxide of Manganese on Uric 
Acid. Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts [2], vol. xliv. p. 218. 

1871. Recent Progress in Chemistry in the United 
States. Read before the British Association at Edin- 
burgh, 1873. 

1872. On the Polyscope, a new Optical Instrument. 
Read before the American Association at Dubuque. 

1873. Analysis of Spring Lake and Frankfort Mine- 
ral Waters. Published in Dr. Watson's " Mineral 
Springs of the United States." 

1874. Analysis of the Mineral Water of Grand 
Haven. Completed and about to be published in Am. 
Jour, of Sci. and Arts. 

Note. — Many of the above were copied into other 
journals of England, France, and Germany. 

C. M. Warren, Brookline, Massachusetts. — Prof. 
Warren, formerly of the Massachusetts Institute of 
Technology, whose researches upon the volatile hydro- 
carbons are so well known, has made the following con- 
tributions to chemistry. 

i860. On some Compounds of Zirconia and Titanic 
Acid. 

t. A New Sulphate of Zirconia, containing some 
Potassa. 

2. A Double Sulphate of Zirconia and Potassa. 

3. A Double Sulphate of Titanic Acid and Potassa. 
Pogg. Ann., cii. 449. 

1862. On a Safety Heating Lamp for use in 
Laboratories. Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, [2], xxxiii. 
275. 

On a Process of Organic Elementary Analysis, by 
Combustion in a Stream of Oxygen Gas. Proc. Am. 
Acad., vi. 251. 

On a Process of Fractional Condensation Applicable 
to the Separation of Bodies, having small differences 



H5 

between their boiling-points. Mem. Am. Acad., N. S M 
ix. 121. 

Researches on the Volatile Hydrocarbons : — 

i. On the Volatile Hydrocarbons from Coal-tar 
Naphtha. 

2. On the Volatile Hydrocarbons from Oil of Cumin 
and Cuminic Acid. Mem. Am. Acad., N. S., ix. 135. 

On the Influence of €H 2 upon the Boiling-points in 
Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons, and in some 
Series of their Derivatives ; with critical observations 
on methods of taking boiling-points. Loc. cit., p. 156. 

On a New Process for the Determination of Sulphur 
in Organic Compounds, by Combustion with Oxygen 
gas and Peroxide of Lead. Proc. Am. Acad., vi. 472. 

On a Xew Process of Organic Elementary Analysis 
for substances containing chlorine. Proc. Am. Acad., 
vii. 84. 

Note on an Improved Apparatus for the Determina- 
tion of Vapor Densities, by Gay-Lussac's Method; being 
a modification of Bunsen's apparatus for measuring 
aqueous vapor. Proc. Am. Acad., vii. 99. 

In joint authorship with F. H. Storer. 

Researches on the Volatile Hydrocarbons : — 

Examination of a Hydrocarbon Naphtha, obtained 
from the Products of the Destructive Distillation of 
Lime Soap. Mem. Am. Acad., N. S., ix. 177. 

Examination of Naphtha, obtained from Rangoon 
Petroleum. Loc. cit., p. 208. 

Frederick Hoffmann, Ph.D., New York. — Dr. 
Hoffmann's chemical papers and publications are as 
follows : — 

Untersuchungen der Bleiweiss Scrten des Handels. 
HirzeVs Zeitscliriftfur Pharmacie, 1852-1853. 

Untersuchungen der Weinstein Sorten des Handels* 
HirzeVs Zeitschrift fur Pharmacie, 1852-3. 

Leber die Ermittlung des Phosphor in der gericht- 
lich-chemischen Analyse. Berliner Allgememe Meoli- 
cinischs Central Zeitung, 1859, Kopp fy Will JaJ^res^ 
berichte, 1859, p. 663. 

A Critical Review of the History of Aailin and the 
Anilin Colors. Sacket & Cobb, New York, 1&63. 

Die Steinkohlen und deren Destinations Producte. 
A course of lectures delivered before flie New York 
Gewerbe Verein. Sonntagsblatt N. Y. Statts Zeitung, 
1863. 

Die Chemie und das Leben. A popular lecture. 
10 



146 

Butz, Deutsch-Amerikanische Monatshefte, Chicago, 
1864. 

Arabesken, am der Geschichte der Chemie. Butz, 
Deutsch-Amerikanische Monatshefte, Chicago, 1864. 

Annual Keport on the Progress of Pharmacy and 
Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Philadelphia, 1868. 

On the Preparation of Zinc Sulpho-phenate. Amer. 
Journ. of Pharmacy, 1870. 

Manual of Chemical Analysis, as applied to the Ex- 
amination of Medicinal Chemicals. New York, 1873. 

Dr. Hoffmann's " Manual," last named, is a work of 
very high character, and has received well-deserved 
commendation wherever it is known. 

Maurice Perkins, Prof, of Chemistry Union Col- 
lege, Schenectady, N. Y. — Prof. Perkins has published 
An Analysis of the Parotid Saliva, in Dalton's Physi- 
ology. 

P. B. Wilson, Baltimore, Md. — Mr. Wilson has con- 
tributed the following papers : — 

1859. 1. On Wax obtained from Myrica cerifera (in 
Genth's Laboratory). 

2. Electro-metallurgical Preparation of Chemically 
pure Metals, prepared for Bunsen and Kirchhoff, for 
their Spectroscopic Investigation (in Bunsen's Labo- 
ratory). 

3. Improvement in the Clark Method for Determin- 
ing the Hardness of Waters (in Baron Liebig's Labo- 
ratory while acting assistant there). 

4. Cause of Mono-caleic Phosphate losing its Solu- 
bility. 

5. On a Meteorite from Hartford County, Maryland 
(The above were published in Ann. de Chem. und 
Pharm). 

S. Dana Hayes, Ph. D., State Assayer of Massa- 
chusetts, Boston. — Dr. Hayes is a working chemist, most 
of whose labors are necessarily hidden in cases in the 
United States courts, or remain unpublished as the 
property of those for whom they are made. 

But he has found time to make the following con- 
tributions. 

" A new Lead Salt corresponding to Cobalt Yellow." 
Quar. Journ. £hem. Soc, and Am. Journ. Sci. and 
Arts, 1 86 1. 

"Ueber den Feldspath im geschmolzenen Zustande." 
Pogg.Ann., Bd. III. S. 351. 

" Influence of the Oxides of Chromium and Titanium 



147 

on the Composition of Pig-iron." Lond. Chem. News, 
June, 1869. 

" Adulterated Aniline Dyes." Am. Suppl. to Chem. 
News, May, 1870. 

" Destructive Distillation of Light Petroleum Naph- 
thas at comparatively Low Temperatures." Am. 
Journ. Set. and Arts, 3, II. Sept. 1871. 

" A common Source of Lead in 
Drinking Water." 

" Assaying One Hundred and 
Thirty Years ago." \ Am. Chem., vol. i. 

" Some New England Waters." 

" Substitution of Soda for Pot- 
ash in Plants." 

" History and Manufacture of ") 
Petroleum Products." Atm m Mim Tr , .'. 

•"Peculiar Conditions of Wa- \ Am ' <^™-> vol. 11. 
ters." J 

" Miscellaneous Chemical Notes," generally apper- 
taining to industrial chemistry. Am. Chem., vols, iii., 
iv., and v. 

James M. Crafts, Professor of Chemistry in the 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston. Mass. — 
Mr. Crafts has made numerous researches, chiefly in 
organic chemistry. His published papers are as fol- 
lows : — 

1 86 1. On the Action of Sulphite of Ammonium on 
Nitro-benzole (contributed in the name of Professor 
Carius). 

In joint authorship with C. Friedel, Mr. Crafts made 
in the laboratory of Mr. Wurtz, in Paris, an elaborate 
investigation on new compounds of silicon with com- 
pound radicals, and on the atomic weight of silicon. 
Notices of these researches were published from time to 
time in the Comptes Eendus and elsewhere, but the 
final results were given in two memoirs in the Ann. de 
Ch. et Phys., Paris, as follows^: — 

1866. Recherches sur les Ethers Siliciques et sur le 
Poids Atomique du Silicium. Op. cit., 4me serie, t. ix. 
pp. 5-51. 

1870. Recherches sur les Combinaisons du Silicium 
avec les Radicaux Alcoholiques. Op. cit., 4me serie, t. 
xix. 334-367. 

[These two memoirs are reproduced in the Am. 
Journ. Sci. [2], xliii. 155-171 and 331-344; xlix. 
307-330.] 



148 

Mr. Crafts lias also published separately in Comptes 
Eendus :— 

Sur les Ethers des Acides de 1' Arsenic. 

Sur les Produits d^Oxydation du Sulfure d'Ethylene. 

Sur le Sulfure d'Ethylene et sur une Combinaison 
qu'il forme avec le Brome. 

In the Am. Journ. Sci. Prof. Crafts has published 
as follows : — 

1863. Action of Bromine and of Bromhydric Acid on 
the Acetate of Ethyl, [2] xxxvi. 42. 

1864. Note on the Product of the Reaction between 
the Monosulphide of Potassium and the Bromide of 
Ethylene, and on the several compounds derived from 
it, [2] xxxvii. 390. 

1865. On the Replacement of one Alcohol Radical 
by another in Compounds of the Ether class (by C. 
Friedel and J. M. Crafts), [2] xl. 34. 

1865. On Etherification (the same), p. 40. 

1869. A Short Course of Qualitative Analysis, with 
the New Notation, with five Tables. New York. i2mo. 
133 pages. 

1873. The Estimation of Iron with Hyposulphite of 
Sodium. Am. Chem., iii. July. 

Henry M. Seely, Middlebury College, Vermont. — 
Professor Seely's papers have mostly been on topics 
not properly chemical, or have been in connection with 
some other person. We find, however, in the Berkshire 
Medical Journal, 1861, Art. XXX VI., entitled — 

Report of a Chemical Analysis of Specimens of 
Hydrargyrum cum Creta, by Professor Seely, in which 
he notes the passage of finely-divided mercury, first into 
black and finally into red oxide of mercury. 

John W. Langley, M.D., Professor of Chemistry, W. 
University of Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, has published 
a paper entitled — 

1862. On the Detection of Picrotoxine. Am. Journ. 
Set., xxxiv., 109, also in London Medical News. 

B. F. Craig, M.D., Washington, D. C— Dr. Craig 
has for some years been in charge of the laboratory of 
Army Medical Museum at Washington. 

1 86 1. On the Products from the Combustion of Gun- 
powder under different pressures. Am. Journ. Sci. [2], 
xxxi. 429. 

1 86 1 . Report on Nitrification (presented to the Smith- 
sonian Institution in 1858). Smithsonian Report, 1861, 
PP- 30S-3 1 8- 



149 

1864. Remarks on the Production of the Combustion 
of Gun-Cotton and Gunpowder. Ibid., 1864, PP- 2 3 2 ~ 
234. 

1871. Experiments on Ventilation and Composition 
of Air in Military Barracks. Appended to Surgeon- 
General Barnes's Report in " Circular No. 4," Wash- 
ington, 1870. Noticed in Am. Joum. Sci. [3], i. 475. 

1871. Variations in the Temperature of the Human 
Body. Am. Joum. Sci. [3], ii. 330. 

Samuel P. Duffield, M.D., Ph.D., Dearbornville, 
Michigan. — Dr. Duffield's contributions are chiefly in 
the department of pharmaceutical chemistry, and are as 
follows : — 

Remarks on Analysis of Brandy. Am. Joum. 
Pharm., March, 1862." 

Hypodermic Injections in their Relation to Toxi- 
cology. Proc. Am. Pharm. Ass., 1866. 

Report on New Remedies. Detroit Review of Medi- 
cine, 1866. 

On Preparation of Pyrophosphate of Iron. 

On Proportion of Digitalin in Digitalis grown in dif- 
ferent Countries. 

On Properties of the Leaves of Podophyllum Pelta- 
tum. Proc. Am. Pharm. Ass., 1868. 

Emanations from Sewers a Secret Cause of Disease. 
Detroit Review of Medicine, 1869. 

On Medicinal Fluid Extracts. Ibid., Nov. 1866. 

On a Case of Aconite Poisoning. Proc. Am. Pharm. 
Ass., 1870. 

On the Geological Relation of the Mineral Waters 
of Michigan. Detroit Review of Medicine, 1871. 

0. D. Allen, Professor of Metallurgy in the Shef- 
field Scientific School, New Haven, Connecticut. — 
Prof. Allen's researches on Caesium and Rubidium, and 
the determination of the atomic weight of caesium, are 
well known to all chemists. These memoirs are en- 
titled :— 

1862. Observations on Caesium and Rubidium [in 
Contributions from the Sheffield Scientific Laboratory, 
Yale College, iv.]. Am. Joum. Sci., xxxiv. 367-373. 

1863. On the Equivalent and Spectrum of Caesium 
[in Contributions from the Sheffield Scientific Labora- 
tory, Yale College, v.]. Jointly with Prof. S. W. 
Johnson (q. v.). Am. Joum. Sci. [2], xxxv. 94-98. 

Gideon E. Moore, Ph.D., Jersey City, New Jersey. 
— Dr. Moore has published the following original 
papers : — 



ISO 

i. On the Chemical Constitution of the Wax of the 
Myrica cerifera. American Journal of Science [2], 
xxxiii. 313, May, 1862. 

2. On Brushite, a new Mineral occurring in Phos- 
phatic Guano. Proceedings of the California Academy 
of Sciences, September 5, 1864. American Journal of 
Science [2], xxxix. 43. 

3. On the Occurrence in Nature of Amorphous Mer- 
curic Sulphide. Journal fur prakt. Chemie, 1870: 
American Journal of Science [3], ii., January, 1872. 

4. On the Electrolysis of the substituted Derivatives 
of Acetic Acid. Ber. d. Deutschen chem. Gesellschaft, 
May 22, 1 871. American Journal of Science [3], 
iii., March, 1872. 

F. Collier, A.M., Ph.D., Burlipgton, Vermont., 
Professor of Chemistry in the University of Vermont, 
has written chiefly on agricultural chemistry in the 
daily journals and for the State Agricultural Society, 
to which he is chemist. 

1864. Indirect Determination of Potash and Soda. 
Sill. Journ. [2], xxxvii. 344. 

J. M. Merrick, Boston, 59 Broad Street. — Mr. Mer- 
rick's papers are as follows : — 

Inhalation of Vapor of Nitroglycerine. Am. Journ. 
Sci., 1863. 

Assay of Gold and Silver. American Chemist, vol. 
i., 1871. 

Testing Cochineal. American Chemist, vol. i., 1871. 
Indigo. " " " " 

Zinc Poisoning. " " " " 

Assay of Pyrites for Gold. American Chemist, vol. 
ii., 1872. 

Electrolytic Deposition of Nickel. American Chem- 
ist, vol. ii., 1872. 

Separation of Nickel and Copper. American Chem- 
ist, vol. ii., 1872. 

On the Double Chloride of Nickel and Ammonia. 
(Jointly with Isaac Adams, Jr.) American Chemist, 
vol. ii., 1872. 

Electrolytic Determination of Copper. American 
Chemist, vol. iii., 1873. 

Estimation of Tannin. American Chemist, vol. iii., 

1873. 

Note on Geissler Bulbs, etc. American Cliemist, 
vol. iii., 1873. 

Luckow's Method for Determining Copper. Ameri- 
can Chemist, vol. iii., 1873. 



i5i 

Chemical Experts. America?! Chemist, vol. iv., 1873. 

Analysis Crude Sugar. " " " " 

Various Chemical Notes. American Chemist, vol. 
iv., 1874. 

Estimation of Tannic Acid. American Chemist, vol. 
iv., 1874. 

Numerous translations in American Chemist. 

Analysis of Manures. Chemical News, xxiv. 

Determination of Copper, Nickel, and Zinc. Chemi- 
cal Neivs, xxiv. 

On a New Dye-stuff. Chemical News, xxv. 

On Testing Cochineal. " " " 

Various minor notes. 

Charles Pierce, Cambridge. — Mr. Pierce's scientific 
memoirs are mostly mathematical or physical ; but the 
following important paper falls within our scope : — 

1863. The Chemical Theory of Interpretation. Am. 
Joum. Sci. [2], xxxv. 78. 

Alexis A. Julien, School of Mines, Columbia Col- 
lege. 

1864. On Metabrushite and other Guano Minerals, 
from Sombrero, W. I. Am. Joum. Sci. [2], xl. 367 . 

1870. On Examples for Practice in Quantitative 
Analysis. Am. Chemist, i. 256, 280. 322. 412. 

On a supposed New Mineral from Chesterfield, Mass. 
Am. Chemist, i. 300. 

1871, On the Proximate Analysis of Coals. Am. 
Chem., i. 460. 

Joseph Wharton, Philadelphia. — Mr. Wharton does 
not claim to be distinctly a chemist, but his contribu- 
tions to the metallurgical arts closely related to chem- 
istry demand respectful mention here, as welt as one or 
two of his papers on other chemical and physical sub- 
jects. Mr. Wharton's principal labors have been the 
establishment in this country of the manufacture of 
metallic zinc or spelter, and of nickel and cobalt with 
their immediate products, though he has been largely 
engaged in lead, copper, iron, and steel. 

That he has written little concerning nickel will not 
surprise those who consider that each of the very few 
nickel works in the world has to some extent its peculiar 
processes which cannot prudently be imparted to its 
rivals. Mr. W.'s nickel is remarkable for purity and 
uniformity, and comprises about one-sixth of the entire 
product of the world. 

The following papers appear in the Am. Joum. Sci., 
viz. : — 



I 5 2 

1865. xc - P- I 9°- Speculations upon a possible 
Method of determining the Distance of Certain Varia- 
bly Colored Stars. 

The diverse sensations caused by the several colors 
being due to the diverse numbers of light-wave impulses 
therefrom falling upon the retina, and those wave im- 
pulses being presumably longitudinal as well as lateral, 
rapid removal of the retina from the source of light 
should, by diminishing the number of wave impulses 
received (as rapid approach should by increasing the 
same) produce a corresponding change in the color per- 
ceived. Supposing the velocities of light answering to 
certain colors to have been ascertained by experiment, 
and a variably colored star with a determinable alter- 
nation of position to have been sought out — or, better, 
a pair of binary stars alternately eclipsing each other 
and of alternating colors — then measure the angle of 
greatest elongation of the line connecting those stars, 
and observe the time occupied by them in effecting a 
reversal of their positions— that is, in traversing a semi- 
circumference of their orbit : equal to — . 

2' 

Assume the extreme colors to indicate a difference 
in the rate of arrival of light impulses, or, in other 
words, a difference in the velocity of light arriving from 
the stars when their entire orbital speed is of approach 
or recession to the spectator equal to 2 v. 

Then their actual orbital speed = v, and, as the 
orbital period has been found = t, it follows that 
v X t 

T , tA is the real length of that diameter, which is the 

measured angular distance between the extreme posi- 
tions of the stars. Knowing the angle and the length 
of the subtending base, we have the distance of the 
stars. 

1869. xcvii. p. 251. Observations upon Autumnal 
Foliage. Conceiving that the autumnal change from 
green to red might be due to the acidifying influence of 
atmospheric oxygen upon the leaf sap after the vitality 
of the leaf is lost or is destroyed by frost, thus enabling 
the thin acid sap to redden the vegetable blue element 
of the chlorophyl, Mr. W. undertook as a test of this 
supposition to reverse the process by im,mersing red 
autumn leaves in an alkaline atmosphere. The red 
leaves of sassafras, blackberry, maple, oak, etc., were 
restored to a green color, by leaving them under a belU 
glass wherein ammonia was evaporating for periods of 



153 

a few minutes, varying with the impermeability of the 
cuticle of the leaf. 

1870. xcix. p. 365. On two Peculiar Products in 
the Nickel Manufacture. One of those products being 
basic crystals of iron, nickel, and cobalt sulphide, found 
in the matte furnaces of Gap Mine, having the unusual 
formula R 6 S. The other being metallic bubbles or 
hollow spheroids formed on pouring melted nickel- 
copper alloy into water, the gases contained in a drop 
of metal sufficing to distend it into a bubble while 
cooling. 

1 8 71. cii. p. 168. Memoranda concerning the Intro- 
duction of the Manufacture of Spelter into the United 
States. This paper gives a detailed account of the 
establishment of this manufacture, with statements of 
materials consumed, cost, and product. After some 
preliminary experiments, Mr. W. erected at Bethlehem, 
Pa., in the year i860, a spelter works of sixteen Bel- 
gian furnaces with all appurtenances, stipulated to 
produce 3.000,000 lbs. yearly, but which exceeded that 
quantity in 1861, and produced in 1862 over 3,700,000 
lbs. 

The zinc or spelter was of most excellent quality, 
and was made so cheaply as to afford a reliable profit, 
and to plant this industry firmly in this country. 

The original features of the enterprise were: 1. The 
reduction to metal, on a large scale, of 'silicate of zinc, 
which had theretofore not been effected. 2. The suc- 
cessful application of anthracite to the manufacture of 
spelter, instead of the bituminous coal or wood which 
European practice had apparently shown to be indis- 
pensable. 3. The use of American clays for the 
making of zinc retorts. 

Samuel D. Tillman, New York, 11 Cooper Union. — 
Mr. Tillman's contributions to chemical literature have 
been mainly in the department of chemical philosophy. 
His published papers are as follows : — 

A New Chemical Nomenclature. See Transactions 
of American Institute for 1865-6, pp. 670-692. Ap- 
plicable to more than 7000 bodies, each name indicating 
the exact composition of the body designated. 

Chemical Diagrams and Derivative Symbols, illus- 
trating the Prominent Characteristics of Chemical Ele- 
ments. Proceedings of the American Association for 
the Advancement of Science, for 1867. 

Atoms and Molecules. Am. Chem. for April, 1872, 
and Nature (London) for June, 1872. 



154 

Charles U. Shepard, Jr., M.D., Charleston, S. C 
— Dr. Shepard has published the following memoirs : — 

1866. On the Origin of Hippuric Acid in the Animal 
Organism. This is a small volume published in joint 
authorship with Prof. George Meissner, of Gbttingen, 
Hanover, 1866. 

1867. On the Change of Benzoic Acid in the Organ- 
ism of Birds. Zeitschrift der Ration. Medicin. 

1869. Notes on the Occurrence and Composition of 
Nodular Phosphates of South Carolina. Am. Journ. 
Sci. [2], xlvii. 354-364. 

Dr. Shepard has published some other communica- 
tions, the titles to which I have not been able to obtain. 

James F. Babcock, Boston, Mass. (No. 8 Boylston 
St.), Boston University. — Prof. Babcock has published 
as follows : — 

1866. On the Preparation of Sulphocyanide of Po- 
tassium. Lond. Chem. News, vol. xiv., 1866. 

1866. On the Preparation of Iodide of Ammonium. 
Proc. Am. Pharm. As., Philadelphia, 1866. 

1867. On Beeswax. Proc. Am. Pharm. As., Phila- 
delphia, 1867. 

1872. Keports on the Adulteration of Milk. City 
of Boston, 1870, 1871, 1872. 

1873. On the Adulteration of Milk. Report of the 
State Board of Health, State of Massachusetts, 1873. 

1874. On the Impurities of Commercial Iodide of 
Potassium. The Laboratory, Sept. 1874. 

Report on the Preservation of Wood Pavements. 
City of Bosto7i, 1873. 

H. Carrington Bolton, Ph.D., School of Mines, Co- 
lumbia College, New York. — All Dr. Bolton's contribu- 
tions to chemistry fall within the last eight years. The 
following list does not embrace Dr. Bolton's latest con- 
tribution, for which he has placed us all under lasting 
obligations. I allude to his happy thought of memo- 
rializing the day we celebrate, for it is to him we owe 
the pleasure of this gathering at the grave of Priestley 
to-day. 
1866. On the Fluorine Compounds of Uranium. Mo- 

natsb. der Berlin. Academie, 1.866, p. 299. 

Also as pamphlet 40 pp. 

1869. On the Action of Sunlight on Uranium. Am. 

Journ. of Sci., Sept. 1869. 

1870. Index to Literature of Uranium. Annals New 

York Lye. Nat. Hist., vol. ix., p. 362. 



155 

1870. History of the Defunct Elements. Am. Chemist, 
vol. i., p. 1. 
Extraction of Uranium. Ibid., vol. i., No. 2. 
August, 1870. 
1&72. Observations on the Platino-Cyanide of Magne- 
sium. Ibid., vol. ii., No. 10. 
On Galvanic Action in the Mouth. Dental. 
Cosmos, vol. xiv.. p. 298. 

1873. Washing Bottles a Cause of Fire. Am. Chemist, 

vol. iii., p. 286. 

Views of the Founders of the Atomic Philosophy. 
Ibid., vol. iii., p. 326. 

With Prof. Henry Morton : Investigation of 
Fluorescent and Absorption Spectra of Ura- 
nium Salts. Ibid., vol. iii., p. 361, et seq. 

Zettnow's Scheme for Qualitative Analysis. 
Ibid., vol. iii., p. 452. 

Notes on the Early Literature of Chemistry. 
Four papers. Ibid., vol. iv. 

1874. Chemical Paradoxes. Journ. of Appl. Ckem., 

June, 1874. 

Le Roy C. Cooley, Ph.D., Albany, New York — 
Prof. Cooley, of the State Normal School, has published 
the following : — 

On Teaching Advanced Classes in Chemistry. Read 
at " University Convocation," etc., published in Proc. 
of TJiird Anniv., 1866. 

On Elementary Chemistry in Preparation for College. 
Read at " Universitv Convocation," published in Proc. 
of Fifth Anniv., 1868. 

On a Steady Air-Blast for Laboratory Purposes. 
Journ. Frank. Inst., vol. lxv., 1870. 

On a Blowpipe Assay with the Automatic Air-Blast. 
Ibid., vol. lxi., 1 871. 

On the Effect of the Action of Water on Gypsum. 
Proc. Albany Inst., vol. i., Part I., 1870. 

Report on the Progress of Chemistry, 18 71. Trans, 
of Albany Institute, vol. vii. 

" From Newton to Kirchoff n (sketch of spectrum anal- 
ysis), 1872. Ibid., vol. vii. 

Johx M. Blake, New Haven, Connecticut. — Mr. 
Blake's contributions are chiefly mineralogical and phy- 
sical. We note the following : — 

1866. On Measuring Angles of Crystals. 

1 866. Gayluss-ite from Nevada. 

1867. Natural Terpin. 

1867. On Kaolinite and Pholerite. 



1 56 • 

1869. On Hortonolite. 

All in the 2d series of the Am. Journ. Sci. 

H. Endemann, Ph.D., New York. Dr. Endemann 
has contributed the following papers • — 

1866. Die neutralen und sauren Aether der schwe- 
fligen S'aure. Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 

1872. Meat and the Methods of Preserving it. Am. 
Chemist, January. 

1869 to 1872. Disinfectants and Disinfection, Re- 
ports of the Health Department of the City of New 
York. 

1872. Confectionery sold in the City of New York. 
Report of the Health Department of the City of New 
York. 

1872. Examination of the Air in Schools, Manufac- 
tories, Tenements, Cellar Lodgings, Prisons, Theatres, 
and Public Halls in the City of New York. Report 
of the Health Department of the City of New York. 

1873. Also another series. New York World, 
Dec. 27. 

1872. Chemical and Mycological Examination of the 
Blood, Bile, and Urine of Horses sick with the Epizootic 
Influenza. Report of the Health Department of the 
City of New York. 

1874. Warming and Ventilation. Sanitarian, 
April. 

North Carolina Prisons. Annals of the Lyceum of 
Natural History, N. Y. vol. ix. 

1874. Criticisms of Prof. Wurtz's Test for Free 
Oxygen in Water. Am. Chemist, July. 

S. P. Sharples, Boston (114 State Street). — Mr. 
Sharpies has published : — 

1866. Chemical Tables. 8vo. pp. 192. 
Papers in the American Journal of Science — 

1868. On some Minerals from Chester County, Penn- 
sylvania. 

1869. On a New Salt, containing Tin, Calcium, and 
Chlorine (March). 

1871. On some Dredgings from the Gulf Stream 
(February). 

1871. On some Forms of the Galvanic Battery 
(April). 

1874. Crystals of Zinc (March). 
Papers in the American Chemist — 

1872. The Waters of Eastern Massachusetts (No- 
vember). 



l S7 

1873. The Disposal of Animal Refuse: and several 
shorter articles. 

Papers in Journal of Applied Chemistry — 

1873. On the Preservation of Food (August). 

1874. On Common Salt (September). 

Mr. Sharpies has also, since 1871, been a constant 
contributor to the Boston Journal of Chemistry, of 
which journal he is assistant editor, having beeu pre- 
viously (1866) a graduate of the Lawrence Scientific 
School. Cambridge; assistant (1867-8) at Lehigh Uni- 
versity; assistant (1868-71) at Lawrence Scientific 
School; and (1872) State Assayer of Massachusetts. 
Dr. Sharples's Chemical Tables are in the hands of all 
American chemists. 

George F. Barker, Professor of Physics in the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, has published 
the following chemical and physical papers : — 

Theoretical Chemistry. 

On Normal and Derived Acids. Am. Journ. Sci., 
Nov. 1867. 

Formic versus Carbonous Acid. Ibid., Sept. 1867. 

On the Rational Formulas of the Oxides of Chlorine 
and of Oxides analogously constituted. Am. Chem., 
July, 1 871. 

On Molecular Classification. Ibid., April, 18 71. 

Physics. 
Note on the Spectrum of the Aurora. Am. Journ. 
Sci., Dec. 1 871. 

On the Aurora of October 14th, 1872. Ibid., Feb. 
1873. 

Toxicology. 

Report of a Trial for Poisoning by Strychnia. Am. 
Journ. Med. Sci., Oct. 1864. 

Testimony in the Sherman Poisoning Case. Am. 
Cliem., June, 1872. 

Dr. Barker has also contributed valuable abstracts of 
chemical researches, chiefly from European journals, in 
the Am. Journ. Sci., since volume xlv. of the second 
series (1868). Also, a series of "Notices of papers in 
Physiological Chemistry." Am. Journ, Sci. [2], xlvi. 
2 33-379; xlvii. 20, 258, 393 ; xlvii. 49. 

" A Text-Book of Elementary Chemistry, Theoretical 
and Practical/' i2mo., which has met deservedly with 
great favor as a clear exposition of the " New Chemis- 
try." 



1 5 8 

The Journal of the Franklin Institute is now under 
the editorial care of Dr. Barker. 

Edward W. Root.— The late Prof. Root, of Hamil- 
ton College, has published the following chemical 
papers : — 

1867. " On Wilsonite from St. Lawrence County, N. 
Y." Am. Joum. Sci. [2], xlix. 47. 

1868. " On Enargite from Mercury Star Mine, Cali- 
fornia." Ibid., xlvi. 201. 

Prof. Root died, in his 30th year, in November, 187 1, 
highly esteemed for his scientific and literary attain- 
ments, integrity of character, and tested ability. 

Beverly S. Burton, Ph.B., has published (" Contri- 
butions from the Sheffield Laboratory of Yale College, 
No. xvi.")— 

i867. " Contributions to Mineralogy" with Analyses 
of: i. Enorgite from Colorado; ii. Argentiferous Jame- 
senite from the Sheba Mine, Star City, Nevada; iii. 
Argentiferous Tetrahedrite from the De Soto Mine, 
Nevada (the 2d and 3d collected in 1864 by B. Silli- 
man). Am. Joum. Sci. [2], xlv. 34. 

U. J. Knowlton, Rockport, Mass. — "On a New 
Mineral from Rockport, Mass." An altered zinc ore. 
Am. Joum. Sci. [2], lxix. 224. 1867. 

S. F. Peckham, Minneapolis, Minnesota, University 
of Minnesota. — Professor Peckham's papers are : — 

1867. On the Supposed Falsification of Samples of 
California Petroleum. American Journal of Science, 
May, 1867. 

1867. On a New Apparatus for Technical Analysis 
of Petroleum ; together with Experiments upon the 
Formation of Asphaltum. American Journal of Sci- 
ence, September, 1867. 

1868. Notes on the Origin of Bitumens. Read before 
the Natural Academy of Sciences, August, 1868. Pub- 
lished in the Proceedings of the American Philosophi- 
cal Society, x., 441. 

1869. On the Distillation of Dense Hydrocarbons at 
High Temperatures, technically termed " Cracking." 
American Journal of Science, January, 1869. 

1869. On the Probable Origin of Albertite and 
Allied Minerals. American Journal of Science, No- 
vember, 1869. 

1871. Evaporating Niches at the Laboratory of the 
Maine State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic 
Arts. American Chemist, August, 18 71. Proceed- 



159 

ings of the American Association for Advancement of 
Science, 1871. 

1873. American Asphalts. American Chemist, J "uly, 

1873- 

Four reports to the State Geologist of California, 
which have been printed, but not yet published : — 

1st. 1866. On the Oil Interests of Southern Califor- 
nia. 

2d. 1867. On the Results of a Technical Examina- 
tion of California Bitumens. 

3d. 1871. On the Results of an Examination of Cali- 
fornia and other Petroleums in Reference to their Ulti- 
mate Chemical Composition. Made at Cambridge in 
1869. 

4th. 1872. On the Results of Proximate Analyses of 
California and other Coals, and a Quantitative Deter- 
mination of the Sulphur contained in them. Made in 
Providence in July, 1872. Also — 

1873. Report to State Geologist of Minnesota in 
Report of Board of Regents of the State University of 
Minnesota. 

1874. Peat for Domestic Fuel. Report to Geological 
Secretary of Minnesota, July, 1874. 

P. Casama jor, "Williamsburg, New York. — Mr. Casa- 
major's papers, partly physical, partly chemical, are as 
follows : — 

1867. On the Method of Measuring the Angles of 
Crystals by Reflection without the Use of a Gonio- 
meter. American Journal of Science, September. 

1870. Action of "Water on Lead. American Chemist, 
July. 

1 8 71. On the Purification of Sugar Solutions for the 
Optical Saccharometer. American Chemist, November. 

1872. Researches on Yoltaic Batteries. American 
Chemist, May, June, and July. „ 

1873. Testing Sugar Solutions by Means of Areome- 
ters and the Optical Saccharometer. American Chem- 
ist, October and November. 

1874. On the Formula of Francoeur for Correcting 
the Indications of Beaume's Areometer into Corre- 
sponding Specific Gravities. American Chemist, Feb- 
ruary. 

1874. New Portable Apparatus which may be used 
as a Filter Pump or Laboratory Bellows. American 
Chemist, April. 

1874. On the Expansion of Sugar Solutions by Heat. 
American Chemist, June, 1874. 



i6o 

W. Goold Levison, Brooklyn, New York. — Mr. 
Levison has contributed the following 1 papers : — 

Letters on the Properties of Sodium Amalgam. Dated 
New York, June 1 1 , 1 867. Published in the American 
Journal of Mining, June 15, 1867, vol. iii., No. 12. 

Letter on the Action of Sodium in the Pan. Dated 
New York, July 16, 1867. Published in the American 
Journal of Mining, July 20, 1867, vol. iv., new series, 
No. 3. 

Paper on the Peat Deposits of Prospect Park. Eead 
before the Natural History Department of the Long 
Island Historical Society, February 28, 1867. 

Letter on an Improvement in Galvanic Batteries. 
Dated Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 1, 1870. Pub- 
lished in the Journal of the Franklin Institute, June, 
1870, vol. fix., No. 6. 

Paper on the Precipitation and Determination of the 
Metals of the Magnesian Group in the Form of Oxalates. 
Lawrence Scientific School Contributions, No. 12. 
American Journal of Sciences, September, 1870, 
vol. 1., No. 149. 

Note on an Improved Screw Cup and a New Con- 
nector for Yolta-Electric Instruments. Eead before 
the Lyceum of Natural History in the city of New 
York, November 11, 1872. 

Note on the Production of Ammonia in Nitric Acid 
Batteries. Read before the Lyceum of Natural History 
in the city of New York, March 10, 1873. Published 
in the Journal of the Franklin Institute, May, 1873, 
vol. xlv. No. 5. Republished, with corrections, in the 
Proceedings of the Lyceum of Natural History for 

1873. 

1 Note on a Simple Connector for Battery Carbons. 
Read before the Lyceum of Natural History in the city 
of New York, April 13, 1874. 

0. Loew, Smithsonian Institution Laboratory, "Wash- 
ington, D. 0. 

Mr. Loew's contributions to chemistry are in the 
Am. Journ. of Sci., as follows : — 

1867. Action of Water on Carbo-Hydrates. [2], 
lxiii. 371. 

1868. Ferrocyanide of Potassium on Monochloracetic 
Ether. [2], lxv. 383. 

1868. Nitrate of Ammonia. [2], lxvi. 29. 

1868. Bisulphid of Carbon in Sunlight. [2] , lxvi. 363. 

1869. Derivatives of tri-chlormethyl-sulphon-chlorid. 
lxvii. 350. 



1870. Action of Sunlight on Sulphurous Acid. [2], 
lxix. 368. 

1870. Ozone from Eapid Combustion. [2], lxix. 

369- 

1870. On Hydrogenium-amalgam. [2],1. 99. 

1874. On Wheelerite, a New Fossil Resin. [3], viL 

Isidor Walz, Ph.D., New York, has published the 
following chemical papers : — 

1868. On the Oxidation of Diamylene by means of 
Chromic Acid. Sill. Am. Journ. of Set., 2, xlv. 57. 

1870. A Modification of Bunsen's Filtering Pump. 
Chem. News, 22, 163. 

Notes on the Extinctive and Reducing Powers of 
Mercury. Ibid., 22, 217. 

1870. On the Reduction of Sulphuric Acid by Zinc 
Amalgam. Amer. Chemist, i. 242. 

1870. On the Reaction of Chloral Hydrate and Sul- 
phide of Ammonium. Ibid., i. 441. 

1871. Determination of Moisture in Bone-black. 
Ibid., ii. 169. 

1872. On the Action of Chromium Trioxide on 
Iodine. Ibid., iii. 84. 

1873. On Antimony Terchloride as a Reagent for 
Oils. Ibid., iv. 169. 

A series of articles " On Chemistry applied to Tex- 
tile Arts and Dyeing," of which eighteen chapters have 
appeared in The Manufacturer's Review and Indus- 
trial Record since 1872, and which, when finished, will 
be collected in a volume. 

Frank W. Clarke, S.B., University of Cincinnati, 
0. — Prof. Clarke has made the following contributions 
to chemistry : — 

1868. On New Processes in Chemical Analysis. 
Am. Journ. Set., xlv. 173. 

1869. Upon the Atomic Volume of Liquids. Am. 
Journ. Sci., xlvii. 180. 

1869. Upon the Atomic Yolume of the Elements. 
Am. Journ. Sci., xlvii. 308. 

1869. A Qualitative Separation of Cobalt and 
Nickel. Am. Journ. Sci., xlviii. 67. 

1870. On a New Method of Separating Tin from Ar- 
senic, Antimony, and Molybdenum. Am. Journ. Sci., 
xlix. 48. 

1870. On the Atomic Yolume of Solid Compounds. 
Am. Journ. Sci., 1. 1 74. 
11 



l62 

1870. An Examination of the Doctrine of Atomicity. 
Am. Chem., November. 

1873. Evolution and the Spectroscope. Pop. Sci. 
Month., Jan. 

1874. The Constants of Nature; Smithsonian Mis- 
cellaneous Contributions, Part I. ; Specific Gravities ; 
Boiling and Melting-points ; and Chemical Formulae, 
pp. 203. 8vo. Smith. Inst. 

1874. On the Molecular Volume of Water of Crys- 
tallization, and — 

1874. On the Molecular Heat of Similar Compounds. 
Am. Jour. Sci. [3], viii. 

W. G. Mixter, Instructor in Chemistry, Sheffield 
Scientific School, Yale College. — Mr. Mixter's chemi- 
cal papers are : — 

1868. "On Nillemite and Tephroite" (from Mine 
Hill, Sussex, New Jersey, with Analyses). Am. Journ. 
Sci. [2], xlvi. 230. 

1872. " On the Estimation of Sulphur in Coal and 
Organic Compounds." Ibid. [3], iv. 90. 

1873. I n connection with E. S. Dana, " On the 
Specific Heat of Zirconium, Silicon, and Boron." Ann. 
Chem. u. Pharm., Bd. 195, 388, and Am. Journ. Sci. 
[3], 506, Abstract. 

William H. Chandlee, Professor of Chemistry in 
the Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, has 
published the following chemical papers : — 

The Economical Purification of Zinc, containing Iron. 
American Supplement to American Reprint of Chem- 
ical News, Sep. 1869, p. 193. 

On the Determination of Sulphur Compounds in 
Mineral Waters. Ibid., April, 1870, p. 221. 

Production of Iodine and Bromine. Am. Chem., vol. 
i. p. 47- 

Carbon Photographs. Ibid., vol. i. p. 94. 

The Sherman Process for Refining Iron. Ibid., vol. 
a. p. 366. 

The Peruvian Guano Islands. Ibid., vol. i. p. 439. 

A Day in Dublin. Ibid., vol. ii. p. 88. 

Henry Morton, LL.D., President of Stevens Insti- 
tute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey. — Most of 
Prof. Morton's papers are more properly physical than 
chemical, but the following fall within our scope. 

1869. Research on the bright line beyond the Moon's 
Edge, in partial phase eclipse photographs. Comptes 
Rendus, French Acad., Y. lxix. p. 1234. Also Journ. 
Frank. Inst., lviii. 373. 



i6 3 

This research demonstrated that this phenomenon 
was a result of chemical reaction, a " local re-develop-, 
ment" of the image, as Dr. Morton called it, and that 
consequently the views of Airy and Prest. Barnard, that 
it was either subjective or from diffraction, was no 
longer tenable. 

1872. Researches on Anthracene and Chrysogen. 
Am. Chemist, Sept., and Phil. Mag., Sept., p. 345. 

1872. Research on Certain New Solid Hydrocarbons 
in Petroleum Distillates, " Thallene and Petrollucene." 
Am. Chemist, Nov., and Phil. Mag., Y. xlvi. p. 89, 
Revue Scientifique, Cliem. Neivs, etc. 

1872-73. On Fluorescent and Absorption Spectra of 
Uranium Salts, a series of papers running through the 
Am. Cliemist, vols. iii. and iv. In joint authorship 
with Dr. H. Carrington Bolton. 

1873. On Basic Salts of Uranium. Am. Cliemist, 
iv. 125 ; also Revue Scientifique, etc. 

1874. On Pyrene and Chrysene. Am. Chemist, 
current Nos. 

Rossiter TV. Raymond, Ph.D., New York City. 

1869. Dr. Raymond's Annual Reports as U. S. Com- 
missioner of Mines since 1869 nave Deen an important 
contribution to technical literature, and especially to 
metallurgists. 

Dr. Raymond has also established the Engineering 
and Mining Journal, which for about ten years has been 
a principal authority in all chemical matters relating 
to the smelting and assay of ore, and has done a good 
work for practical science generally. One who is ab- 
sorbed by such editorial labors finds little time for ori- 
ginal research, but Dr. Raymond has contributed an 
important memoir upon the Tertiary and Cretaceous 
lignites of Western America, entitled — 

1873. Calorific Yalue of the Lignites of Western 
America. Engineering and Mining Journal, and 
Am. Journ. Sci. [3], vi. 220. 

Albert H. Gallatin, M.D., 10 E. 17th Street, New 
York. — The only original paper by Dr. Gallatin which 
I have seen is entitled — 

On Hydrogenium Alloys. Phil. Magazine, London, 
July, 1869. 

Paul Schweitzer, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, 
Columbia, Boone County, Missouri, has published the 
following chemical papers : — 

I. On Tribasic Phosphoric Acid; its history, its 
modes of separation from sesquioxides, principally ses- 



164 

quioxide of iron, and its estimation. Annals of the 
Lyceum of Natural History of New York, vol. ix. 
Nos. 5 and 6, 1869. 

II. On the Quantitative Separation and Determina- 
tion of Iodine, Bromine, and Chlorine. Chemical News, 
American reprint, vol. v. p. 317, 1869. 

III. The Various Methods for the Determination and 
Separation of Baryta, Strontia, and Lime ; also, some' 
Remarks on the Precipitation of Sulphuric Acid by- 
Salts of Baryta (five papers). Chemical News, Ameri- 
can reprint, vol. vi. pp. 119, 222, 295, 370, 1869; 
Am. Chem., vol. i. p. 9, 1870. 

IV. Analyses of Pure Lead. Proceedings of the 
Lyceum of Natural History of Neiv York, p. 8, 1870. 

Y. Kresol and Phenol and their Homologues. Am. 
Chem., vol. i. p. 239, 18 71. 

VI. Notice of a Curious Boiler Deposit. Am. Chem., 
vol. i. p. 287, 1871. 

VII. On the Action of Sulphurous Acid on Metals. 
Am. Chem., vol. i. p. 296, 1871. 

VIII. Notes on the Feldspathic Sandstones (Fel- 
sites) of the Palisade Range. Am. Chem., vol. ii. p. 
23, 1871. 

IX. Contributions to the Mineralogy of Manhattan 
Island. Am. Chem., vol. iv. p. 443, 1874. 

X. Columbia Chalybeate Spring. Report University 
of Missouri, 1874, p. 160. 

XL On the Water Supply of the Town of Columbia. 
Report University of Missouri, 1874, p. 161. 

XII. Action of Rain-Water on Lead Pipes. Report 
University of Missouri, 1874, p. 163. 

Wm. Ripley Nichols, Professor of Chemistry at the 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, has 
published : — 

On the Chromites of Magnesium. Am. Journ. Sci., 
xlvi. 16, 1869. 

On the Composition of the Acid Oxalates of Potas- 
sium, Ammonium, and Sodium. Proc. Am. Assoc, 
xviii. (1869), 159. 

On the Solubility in Water "of the Oxalates of So- 
dium, Potassium, and Ammonium. Proc. Am. Assoc, 
xviii. (1869), 163. 

Report on the Action of Cochituate Water on Lead 
Pipes. Mass. State Board of Health, 2d Annual Re- 
port, i87i,p. 32. 

In connection with Geo. Derby, M.D. : — 

Sewerage ; Sewage ; The Pollution of Streams ; The 
Water Supply of Towns. A Report to the State Board 



i6 5 

of Health of Massachusetts. JIass. State Board of 
Health. 4th Annual Report, 1873, P- I2 - 

On the Present Condition of Certain Rivers of Mas- 
sachusetts, together with considerations touching the 
water supply of towns. JIass. State Board of Health, 
$th Annual Report, 1874. p. 61. 

J. Blodgett Brittox. Philadelphia. — In his capacity 
of Chemist to the " Iron Masters' Laboratory" 339 
Walnut Street, Philadelphia. Mr. Britton has performed 
a great amount of technical work in the Analysis of Iron 
Ores. Furnace Products, etc. etc., which need not be 
given in detail here. But the following papers come 
properly in as contributions to chemistry. 

1870. 1st. " A Method for determining quickly and 
accurately the Amount of Chromium and Iron in Chrome 
Iron Ores." Journal Franklin Institute for March. 
1870. 

2d. " Mounted Burettes for Volumetric Analysis." 
Journal Franklin Institute for May, 1870. 

3d. ; - The Determination of Combined Carbon in 
Iron and Steel by the Colorimetric Process." Journal 
Franklin Institute for May, 1870. 

Albert B. Prescott, Professor of Applied Chemis- 
try. University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan, has 
contributed as follows to our chemical literature : — 

Simple Apparatus for Rapid Vaporization at lim- 
ited heat under reduced pressure without use of pump. 
Chem. News, xx. 222 (1870). 

On Sulphophenic Acid. Proc. Am. Pharm. As., 
xix. 550 (1871). 

And in joint authorship with Prof. Silas H. Doug- 
lass. Prof. Prescott has published — 

Qualitative Chemical Analysis, a guide in the practi- 
cal study of chemistry, and in the work of analysis. 
8vo. pp. 260. 1872. 

Arxold D. Hague, New York. — Mr. Hague, who 
has long been counected with the United States Geo- 
logical Exploration of the 40th Parallel, is the author 
of a paper — 

1870. On the Chemistry of the "Washoe Process of 
Amalgamation. This paper forms part of vol. iii. 
" Mining Industry" of the Reports of the United States 
Geological Exploration of the 40th Parallel, 4to. 1870. 

Samuel P. Sadtler. Professor of General Chemistry 
in the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, has 
published the following papers on chemistry : — 



i66 

On Potassio-cobaltic Nitrites, with analogous and 
related compounds. Am. Joum. Sci., March, 1870. 

On some Iridium Salts. Inaugural Dissertation, 
Gbttingen, April, 18 71. 

Abstract of the same Work. Am. Joum. Sri., Nov. 
1871. 

Analytical Notices of New Processes. Am. Joum. 
Sci., March, 1874. 

J. M. Silliman, Lafayette College, Easton, Pa. — 
Prof. Silliman has published — 

1870. Examination of the Bessemer Flame with 
Colored Glasses,. and Spectroscopic Examination of the 
Bessemer Flame. Am. Joum. Sci., 1. 297, and Pro c. 
Am. As., xix. 119. 

Sidney A. Nokton, Columbus, Oh 0, Ohio Agri- 
cultural and Mechanical College. 

1870. " On a Bichloride of Platinum + 5H 2 0." This 
salt is less deliquescent than the ordinary salt, and is a 
new form. Joum. fur Prakt. Chem., Bd. 2, S. 469. 

1872. A second paper on the same. Ibid. Bd. 5. 
S. 365. 

Richard H. Lee has published (" Contributions to 
Chemistry from the Laboratory of the Lawrence Scien- 
tific School, No. 16") an important paper, entitled — 

1871. "On the Atomic Weights of Cobalt and 
Nickel." Am. Joum. Sci. [3], ii. 44. 

Thomas M. Chatard has published (" Contributions 
to Chemistry from the Laboratory of the Lawrence 
Scientific School, No. 15") a valuable contribution — 

1871. " On some New Analytical Methods: \ 1. On 
the Determination of Molybdic Acid as Plumbic Molyb- 
dite. \ 2. On the Evaporation to Dryness of Gela- 
tinous Precipitates (a former paper of M. Chatard's on 
this subject is printed in ibid. i. 247). § 3. Tests for 
Nitrous Acid. \ 4. On the Determination of Small 
Quantities of Manganese." Am. Joum. Sci. [3], i. 416. 

Charles E. Munroe, Professor of Chemistry, etc., 
U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. — Prof. Munroe 
has published : — 

" On the Estimation of Phosphoric Acid." Am. 
Joum. Sci. [2], i. 359. 1871. 

" On the Use of a Porous Cone in Filtration." Ibid. 
336. Also reproduced in Fresenius' Zeitschrift. 

Elwyn Waller, School of Mines, Columbia College, 
New York. — Mr. Waller has published : — 



i6 7 

1872. Notes on the Petroleum of St. Domingo. Am. 
Chem., ii. 220. 

1872. Application of Osmose to Purification of Su- 
gars. Ibid., iii. 139. 

1872. Coal Tar Colors. Ibid., ii. 9. 

Also, in the Keport of the New York Board of 
Health for 1872:— 

Report on the Croton Water, for the year 1872. 

Report on Baking Powders, etc. 

Report on Disinfection and Disinfectants. A paper 
read before the American Public Health Association, 
November, 1873. 

Carbolic Acid, Tests of its Presence, and a New 
Method for its Quantitative Estimation. Sanitarian, 
November, 1874. 

Mr. Waller, as one of the editors of the American 
Chemist, is a constant contributor, by his abstracts of 
chemical literature, foreign and domestic. 

Edwin J. Houston, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, has 
contributed the following original memoirs : — 

On the Change of Color produced in Certain Chemi- 
cal Compounds by Heat. Journal of the Franklin 
Institute, vol. lxii., No. 2, August, 1871. 

Color Changes produced in Chemical Compounds by 
Solution. (Unpublished.) Read before the Optical 
Section of the Franklin Institute during the winter of 
1872. 

On the Nature of White Light. Journal of the 
Franklin Institute, 1873. 

On the Artificial Production of Cold. Journal of 
the Franklin Institute, 1873. 

On a Supposed Allotropic Modification of Phospho- 
rus. American Phil. Society Proceedings. Read 
January, 1S74. 

Prof. Elihtt Thomson, of Philadelphia, was jointly 
associated in the first and last of the above investiga- 
tions. 

Arthur W. Wright, New Haven. — Dr. Wright, 
Professor of Chemistry and Molecular Physics at Yale 
College, is the author of important researches in 
physics. The following are his chemical contribu- 
tions : — 

1. On a simple Apparatus for the Production of 
Ozone with Electricity of High Tension. Am. Journ. 
Sci., iii. vol. iv., July, 1872. 

2. On the Action of Ozone upon Vulcanized Caout- 
chouc. Ibid. 



i68 

3. On the Oxidation of Alcohol and Ether by Ozone. 
Ibid., vol. vii., March, 1872. 

A. Emerson Dolbear, Bethany, West Virginia. — 
Prof. Dolbear's contributions to chemistry are — 

1872. A Method of obtaining Potassium. Ameri- 
can Chemist, February, 1872. 

1874. On the Use of Iron Sulphide as a Disinfectant 
and Deodorizer. Scientific American. 

A. E. Foote, Professor of Chemistry in the Iowa 
State Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa, has published 
as follows : — 

1872. Zeonochlorite, a new hydrous silicate from Nu- 
pigon Bay, north shore of Lake Superior. Am. As. 
Proc, 1872; republished in Am. Chem., vol. p. 

1873. -A. Modification of the (Jagn) Yacuum or Fil- 
ter Pump, that can be used with from three to five feet 
fall of water, and does not easily get out of repair. 
Proc. Am. As., 1873, p. I 4 I > a ^ s0 Am.Journ. Sci., 3d 
ser., vi. 360; and likewise Am. Chem. and Journ. 
Frank. Inst. 

E. S. Dana, Yale College, New Haven, Conn., has 
contributed as follows : — 

"On the Composition of the Labradorite Rocks from 
Waterville, N. H." Am. Journ. Sci. [3], vol. iii. 48. 

Also the following mineralogical and physical papers: — 

" On Datolite from Bergen Hill." Am. Journ. Sci. 
[3], vol. iv. p. 16. 1872. 

" On Datolite." TschermaJc's Mineralogische Mit- 
theilungun, i. 1874. 

" On a Remarkable Crystal of Andalusite." Am. 
Journ. Sci. [3] , vol. iv. p. 473. 

"On Atacamite." Tschermak's Mineralogische 
Mittheilungen, i., 1874. 

" On the Thermo-electrical Properties of some Mine- 
rals." Am. Journ. Sci. [3]. vol. viii. p. 255. 

"On the Trap Rocks of the Connecticut Valley." 
Am. Journ. Sci. [3] , vol. viii. p. 390. 

And in company with W. G. Mixter, of the Sheffield 
Scientific School — 

" On the Specific Heat of Zirconium, Silicon, and 
Boron." Ann. Chem. u. Pharm., vol. clix. p. 388. 

Albert R. Leeds, Professor of Chemistry, Stevens 
Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, has 
contributed as follows : — 

1873. Contributions to Mineralogy with analyses of: 
I. A Hydrous , Unisilicate approaching Pyrosclerite. 



169 

II. Talc Pseudomorpbous after Pectotile. III. Leu- 
cangite from Amity, N. Y. IV. Mineral associated 
with Corundum and approaching Ripidotile. Y. Moon- 
stone from Media, Delaware County, Pa. VI. Antho- 
lite from the " Star Eock," Concord, Delaware Co., Pa. 
VII. "Wernerite from Van Arsdale's Quarry, Bucks 
Co., Pa. Am. Journ. Sci. [3], vi. 22. 

Spectroscopic Examination of Silicates. Am. Chem., 
vol. iii. 446. 

Blake Crusher for Laboratory Use. Ibid. 453. 

On the Volumetric Determination of Chlorine with 
Standard Silver Solution and Potassic Chromate. Ibid. 
290. 

1874. On the Dissociation of Certain Compounds at 
very low Temperature. Am. Journ. Sci. [3], vii. 
197. 

On the Purification of Mercury. Am. Chemist, vol. 
iv. 309. 

Upon Alizarin as a Test. Ibid. 333. 

Upon the Alteration of Albite and the Genesis of 
Deweylite. Ibid. 164. 

The Student's Practical Chemistry. In connection 
with Prof. H. Morton. 1865. 

Chemical Notes, Eeviews, and Experiments. Jour. 
Franklin Institute, 1 867-1 871. 

Gasometer for Accurate Measurements. Jour. 
Franklin Institute, 1868. 

Chemical Tables according to the Theories of Modern 
Chemistry. Jour. Franklin Institute, 1870, and Che- 
mical News. 

Analysis of some hitherto Undetermined Minerals. 
Jour. Franklin Institute, 1870. 

On the Spectra of Certain Metallic Compounds, 
Jour. Franklin Institute, 1870, and Quarterly Journal 
of Science. 

On Aventurine Orthoclase. Amer. Jour. Set., 
1872. 

Ira Kemsen, Professor of Chemistry, "Williams Col- 
lege, Williamstown, Mass. — Prof. Kemsen has contri- 
buted the following important papers : — 

1870. "Uber die Homologen des Naphtalins." Lie- 

big's Annalen. 
"Investigations on Piperic Acid" (Dissertation 
for Degree of Ph.D. at the University of 
Gbttingen). 

1871. "Ueber eine neue Darstellungsmethode der 

Paraoxbenzoesaure." Zeitschrift fur Che- 



i;o 

1871. "Ueber die Constitution der Protocatechu- 

s'aure." Ibid. 
"Ueber Parasulfobenzoes'aure." Ibid. 

1872. " Weitere Untersuchungen Uber die Constitu- 

tion der Piperins'aure." Liebig's Annalen. 

1873. "Investigation on Parasulphobenzoic Acid." 

Am Journ. Sci. [3], pp. 179-186; Ibid., 
274-282, and 354-362. Prof. Remsen has 
also published a translation. Am. Journ. 
Sci. 
" On Isomeric Sulphosalycylic Acids." Am. 
Journ. Sci. 

1874. "On the Formation of Paratoluic Acid from 

Parasulphotoluenic Acid." Ibid. 
"On Nitroparasulphobenzoic Acid." Ibid. 
" On the Action of Potassium upon Ethyl Suc- 
cinate." Ibid. 
In 1873 ne edited Fittig's Wohler's " Outlines of Or- 
ganic Chemistry ;" with additions. Prof. Remsen also 
furnishes abstracts and articles of the Berichte der 
deutschen Chem. Gesellschaft for each number of the 
American Chemist. 

W. C. May has published (" Chemical Papers from 
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, No. 11") — 
1873. " On the Determination of Lead as Peroxide." 
Ibid. [3], vi. 255. 

H. B. Cornwall, E.M., Professor of Mineralogy and 
Chemistry in the John C. Green Scientific School, Col- 
lege of New Jersey, Princeton, has contributed papers — 

1873. On the Occurrence of Indium discovered in 
American Blendes. Am. Chemist, January. 

A Quantitative Analysis of Roxbury Blende. Am. 
Chemist, October. 

We are also indebted to Prof. Cornwall for his excel- 
lent translation of — 

1872. Plattner's Manual of Qualitative and Quanti- 
tative Analysis with the Blowpipe. From the last 
German Edition, etc. N. Y. : D. Tan Nostrand. 
8vo. pp. 548. And — 

1873. A second edition of the above. 

F. M. F. Cazin, M.E., Denver, Colorado. — Mr. Cazm 
has published a paper entitled — 

1873. Fluor Spar in its application in the Cupola 
Furnace, and in the Puddling and Bessemer Process. 
Berg, and huetten Marnnsch. Zeit., xxxii. No. 15. 



171 

Eegis Chauvenet and A. A. Blair, St. Louis, Mo., 
have published, in joint authorship — 

Chemical Analyses of the Coals, Iron Ores, and Iron 
of Missouri. 8vo. pp. 1873, N". Y. Extracted from 
the Keport of the Geological Survey of Missouri. 1873. 

William J. Land, Atlanta, Georgia. — Mr. Land has 
published the following contributions in the American 
Chemist, vol. iii. : — 

Determination of Hydrosulphuric Acid in Mineral 
Waters. 

Improved Atmospheric Washing Bottle for the Use 
of Analytical Chemists. 

Improved Apparatus for General Gasmetry (with a 
drawing). 

He has also published in Georgia — 

Analysis of the Ash of the Cotton Plant, etc. 

Analysis of the Ash of the Cotton Seed. 

A. P. S. Stuart, Professor of Chemistry, Illinois 
Industrial College, Champaign, Illinois, has published 
as follows : — 

1. In the third and fourth Reports of the Illinois 
Industrial University — 

On the Organic Matter of Soils. 
On the Origin and the Physical and Chemical Prop- 
erties of the Inorganic Matter of Soils. 

2. In the Prairie Farmer — 

On the Influence of Light in the Growth of Plants. 

3. In the Transactions of the Illinois State Horti- 
cultural Society — 

On the Distribution of Nitrous Acid in Plants. 
On the Use of a Glazed Wrought-iron Tube for Ni- 
trogen Determinations. 

Wm. McMurtrie, Washington, D. C. — In his capa- 
city of Chemist to the Department of Agriculture, Mr. 
McMurtrie has contributed a number of interesting re- 
searches, the results of which are embraced in the 
Monthly Eeports of that Department for 1873-4. 
These are chiefly analyses of fertilizers, corn, wines, 
soils, etc., which are important additions to agricultural 
knowledge. 

Charles A. Brinley, Midvale Steel Works, near 
Philadelphia. — Mr. Brinley 's paper, " Notes on a Char- 
coal Furnace" (Am. Chem., iii. No. 1), contains some 
analyses of iron and furnace products. 



172 

E. S. Breidenbaugh has published ("Contributions 
from the Sheffield Laboratory of Yale College, No. 
27") a valuable research with numerous analyses — 

1873. "On the Minerals found at the Tilly Foster 
Iron Mines, New York." Am. Journ. Sci. [3], vi. 
207. This locality proves to be one of the most inter- 
esting chapters in American mineralogy, furnishing the 
material for Prof. Dana's paper, " On Serpentine 
Pseudomorphs and other Kinds" (Nov. 1874), and a 
wonderful development of new crystalline forms of 
Chendrodite now under examination by Mr. Edward S. 
Dana. 

Edward "W. Morley, Professor of Chemistry, 
Western Reserve College, Hudson, Ohio. — Professor 
Morley has described — 

" An Apparatus for Rapid Filtration." Am. Jour. 
Sci. [3], vi. 214. 1873. 

C. W. Hinman, B.S., Boston, Mass. — Mr. Hinman 
has just published Description of a new Apparatus for 
Gas Analysis. Sill. Journ. [3], viii. 182. Sept., 1874. 



Henry Wurtz. — A considerable number of the con- 
tributions of this chemist we find have been overlooked 
in the former list (see pp. 109, no). To some of these 
he has called our attention, as follows: — 

1868. On Some New Chemical Relations of Metallic 
Aluminum. Am. Association at Chicago, in 1868, 
p. 196. 

1869. Studies in Chemical Geogony. Three subjects : 
1. On the Prozoic Atmosphere, and the Ocean of the 
Zoic Dawn. 2. Zoic History, from a Chemical View- 
point. 3. Chemical Revelation of a Final Zoic Catas- 
trophe. Am. Association at Salem, 1869, pp. 217, 
223, 225. 

1872. Lithology of the Rocks of the Palisade Range. 
Am. Chemist, Jan. 1872, p. 258. 

1872. Some Chemi-Genetic Views regarding the 
Past and the Future. Am. Chemist, April, 1872, 

P- 385- 

1873. Chemical and Sanitary Report upon the Pas- 
saic River. Am. Chemist, Sept. 1873, p. 99, and 
Oct, 1873, p. 133. 

1874. Second Chemical and Sanitary Report upon 
the Water Supply of the Cities of Newark and Jersey 
City. Am. Chemist, March, 1874, p. 323. 



173 

1 8 74- Subaerial Oxygenation of Waters. Proceed- 
ings of N. Y. Lyceum of Natural History, Feb. 1874. 

1874. Discussion of the above Subject with Dr. H. 
Endemann. Am. Chemist, July, 1874, pp. 9, 10. 



ERRATA. 

On p. 9, 18th line from top, for D. Wolcott Gibbs, read 0. Wolcott 
Gibbs. 

On p. 21, 5th line from bottom, for Vaquelin, read Vauquelin. 

On p. 29, 22d line from top, for Syi>ert, read Seybert. 

On p. 45, 2d line from bottom, for Brougniart, read Brogniart. 

On p. 46, 6th line from top, for Brougniart, read Brogniart. 

On p. 101, 24th line from bottom, for Gysolite, read Gyrolite. 

On p. 102, 17th line from bottom, for New Precipitation, read Non- 
precipitation. 

On p. 118, in eacb of the first five lines, the references li., lii , 
lviii., lix. should be xli., xlii., xlviii, xlix. There is no volume 
beyond 1. The third series commences again vol. i., etc. 

On p. 135, 1st, 2d, 6th, 8th, 19th and 22d line from top,/or Mauross, 
read Manross. 

On p. 131, 15th line from bottom, for Retchie, read Ritchie. 

On p. 151, 17th line from top for Interpretation, read Interpene- 
tration. 

On p. 158, 8th line from top, for Mercury, read Morning. 

On p. 158, 17th line from top, for Enorgite, read Enargite. 

On p. 130, 14th line from bottom, for Natural Philosophy read 
Physical Science. 

On p. 131, 8th line from top,/or chemicals, read chimneys. 

On p. 131, 22d line from top, in place of paragraph 7, read Analyses 
of the Atlanta Mineral Spring published and circulated throughout 
tbe State. Also, Analysis of the Mineral Springs of Meriwether 
County, viz. : the warm springs— carbonated chalybeate waters ; and 
the cold spring — acidulo-carbonated chalybeate waters. Analyses of 
the two latter were published by Mr. George White, formerly of 
Savannah, Ga., in his volume entitled "Statistics of the State of 
Georgia." 



INDEX 



Allen, 0. D. 


149 


Draper, Henry 


135 






Draper, J. W. 


78 


Babcock, James F. 


154 


Ducatel, Julius T. 


45 


Bache, Alexander Dallas 56 


Duffield, Samuel P. 


149 


Bailey, J. W. 


55 






Bard, Samuel 


13 


Endemann, H. 


156 


Barker, Geo. F. 


157 


Eliot, C. W. 


143 


Barnard, F. A. P. 


97 


Emmet, John Patton 


46 


Beck, Lewis C. 


55 


Ewing, John 


11 


Blair, A. A. 


171 






Blake, James 


87 


Feron, J. 


18 


Blake, John M. 


155 


Feuchtwanger, Lewis 


76 


Blake. William P. 


110 


Foote, A. E. 


168 


Bolton, H. Carrington 


154 


Franklin, Benjamin 


3 


Booth, James C. 


85,95 






Bowen, Geo. T. 


50 


Gallatin, Albert H. 


163 


Boye, Martin H. 84 


86. 94 


Garrett, T. H. 


86 


Breidenbaugh, E. S 


172 


Genth, F. A. 


98 


Brewer, William H. 


111 


Gibbs, Wolcott 


88 


Brinley, Charles A. 


171 


Goessmann, Charles A 


122 


Britton, J. Blodgett 


165 


Gorham, John 


11, 38 


Bruce, Archibald 


36 


Green, Traill 


94 


Brusb, George J. 


111 


Griscom, John 


42 


Burton, Beverley S. 


158 


Guthrie, Samuel 


48 


Casamajor, P. 


159 


Hague, Arnold D. 


165 


Cazin, F. M. F. 


170 


Hare, Clark 


94 


Chandler, Charles F. 


138 


Hare, Robert 


21 


Chandler, William H. 


162 


Hayes, A. A. 


75 


Chatard, Thomas M. 


166 


Hayes, S. Dana 


146 


Chauvenet, Regis 


171 


Henry, Joseph 


71 


Clarke, Frank W. 


161 


Hilgard, Eugene W. 


125 


Clemson, Thomas G. 


43 


Hinman, C. W. 


172 


Cleveland, Parker 


11,39 


Hoffmann, Frederick 


145 


Cloud, Joseph 


37 


Horsford, E. N. 


107 


Collier, P. 


150 


Houston, Edwin J 


167 


Cooke, Josiah P 


131 


How, Henry 


100 


Cooley, Le Roy C. 


155 


Hunt, T. Sterry 


103 


Cooper, Thomas 


43 


Hutchinson, James 


12 


Cornwall, H. B. 


170 






Coxe, John Redman 


44 


Jackson, Charles T. 


S6 


Crafts, James M. 


147 


Johnson, Samuel W. 


118 


Craig, B. F. 


148 


Johnston, John 


85 


Cutbush, James 


45 


Joy, Charles A. 


121 






Julien, Alexis A. 


151 


Dana, E. S. 


168 






Dana, James Freeman 


40 


Keyser, P. D. 


131 


Dana, Samuel Luther 


41 


Kimball, James P. 


143 


Dean, John 


135 


Knowlton, U. J. 


15S 


Dexter, Aaron 


11, 13 






Dolbear, A. Emerson 


168 


Land, William J. 


171 



1 7 6 



Langley, John W. 
Langstaff, W. 
Lea, Matthew Carey 
Le Conte, John 
Le Conte, John L. 
Lee, Richard Henry 
Leeds, Albert R. 
Levison, W. G-oold 
Little, Daniel 
Loew, 0. 



148 
37 
136 
120 
107 
166 
168 
160 
18 
160 



Maclean, John 10 
Macnevin, William James 37 

McMurtrie, William 171 

Madison, James 10 

Maisch, John M. 126 

Mather, W. W. 53 

Mallet, John W. 108 
Manross, Newton Spaldingl 35 

May, W. C. 170 

Means, Alexander 130 

Merrick, J. M. 150 

Mitchell, Samuel Latham 13 

Mixter, W. G. 162 

Moore, Gideon E. 149 

Morfitt, C. 86 

Morley, Edward W. 172 

Morton, Henry 162 

Munroe, Charles E. 166 

Nason, Henry B. 141 

Nichols, W. Ripley 164 

Norton, John Pitkin 58 

Norton, Sidney A. 166 

Olmstead, Denison 52 

Olmstead, Denison, Jr. 53 

Ordway, John W. Ill 



Peckham, S. F. 


158 


Perkins, Maurice 


146 


Peter, Robert 


76 


Pierce, Charles 


151 


Porter, John Addison 


134 


Prescott, Albert B. 


165 


Priestley, Joseph 


5 


Pugh, Evan 


59 


Raymond, Rossiter W. 


163 


Remsen, Ira 


169 


Rogers, Henry D. 


84,94 



Rogers, James B. 
Rogers, P. K. 
Rogers, Robert E. 
Rogers, William B. 
Root, Edward W. 
Rumford, Count 
Rush, Benjamin 

Sadder, Samuel P. 
Schaeffer, George C. 
Schiel, James 
Schweitzer, Paul 
Seely, Henry M. 
Seybert, Adam 
Seybert, Henry 
Sharpies, S. P. 
Shepard, C. U. 
Shepard, C. U., Jr. 
Silliman, Benjamin 
Silliman, Benjamin 
Silliman, J. M. 
Smith, J. Lawrence 
Storer, Frank H. 
Stuart, A. P. S. 

Taylor, William J. 
Tenney, Samuel 
Teschemacher, J. E. 
Thompson, Elihu 
Tillman, Samuel D. 
Torrey, John 
Troost, Gerard 

Vanuxem, Lardner 



84 

82 

83,94 

82 

158 

4 

12 

165 

54 

121, 130 

163 

148 
36 
74 

156 
74 

154 

21,34 

95 

166 
92 

141 

171 

57 
19 
57 
167 
153 
47 
51 

46 



Waller, Elwyn 166 

Walz, Isidor 161 

Warren, C. M. 144 
Wells, William Charles 44 

Wetherill, C. M. 63, 95 

Wharton, Joseph 151 

Wheeler, C. Gilbert 143 
Whelpley, Jas. Davenport 58 

Whitney, J. D. 110 

Wilson, P. B. 146 

Winthrop, John 11 

Woodhouse, James 12 

Wormley, T. G. 128 

Wright, Arthur W. 167 

Wurtz, Henry 113, 172 



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